Cited by 133Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety StudiesEducation, Achievement, and GiftednessGrit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation

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The effects of locus of control and task difficulty on procrastination.

Janssen, Tracy, Carton, John S.·1999·The Journal of Genetic Psychology

DOI 10.1080/00221329909595557

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Abstract

The authors investigated the effects of locus of control expectancies and task difficulty on procrastination. Forty-two college students were administered an academic locus of control scale and a task that was similar to a typical college homework assignment. The students were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 task difficulty levels. Although none of the results involving task difficulty was significant, several results involving locus of control were significant. Specifically, analyses revealed that students with internal locus of control expectancies tended to begin working on the assignment sooner than students with external locus of control expectancies. In addition, students with internal locus of control completed and returned the assignment sooner than students with external locus of control. The results are discussed within the context of J. B. Rotter's (1966, 1975, 1982) social learning theory.

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Perceived Impact of Procrastination on Academic Performance Among Students and the Role of AI Tools
Jebasingh, D. R., Ahmad, N., Shimray, S. R., & Subaveerapandiyan, A. (2025) · Libri · doi:10.1515/libri-2025-0093 · Cited by 8
Locus of Control and Usage of Social Media on Academic Achievement Among Police College Students in Taiwan
Kuo, C.-T., Chang, C., & Yen, W.-H. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35343-8_79 · Cited by 4
Academic Procrastination as Predictor of Mathematics Anxiety of Pupils in Enugu State, Nigeria
Adimora, D. E., Akaneme, I. N., & Nwokenna, E. N. (2017) · New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.18844/prosoc.v3i3.1608 · Cited by 3
Predicting academic procrastination in online courses: The role of external locus of control and other mediator variables
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“In the literature, individuals who establish a more direct relationship between their efforts and consequences were reported to spend less time starting, completing, and returning to academic tasks (Janssen & Carton, 1999).”
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Effects of Deadline Conditions on Learners of Different Procrastination Tendencies in an Online Course
Pin, W. (2011) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research · Cited by 3
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Cahyono, T. (2020) · Prophetic Professional Empathy and Islamic Counseling Journal · doi:10.24235/prophetic.v3i2.7589 · Cited by 3
Locus of Control & Motivation Strategies for Learning Questionnaire: Predictors of Student Success on the ATI Comprehensive Predictor Exam & NCLEX-RN Examination
Carpenter, J. (2011) · KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas) · Cited by 3
Examining Tension Management of Coastal Residents' Decisions to Stay or Leave During Hurricane Florence
Pyle, A. S., Fuller, R. P., & Smith, H. (2025) · Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management · doi:10.1111/1468-5973.70036 · Cited by 2
Academic Procrastination as Predictor of Mathematics Anxiety of Pupils in Enugu State, Nigeria
Adimora, D. E., Akaneme, I. N., & Nwokenna, E. N. (2017) · New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.18844/gjhss.v3i3.1608 · Cited by 2
İş Özellikleri ve Örgüt Kültürünün İş Erteleme Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkisinde Dış Kontrol Odaklılığın Düzenleyici Rolü
Karkı, A., & Bayramoğlu, G. (2024) · İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi · doi:10.25204/iktisad.1391441 · Cited by 2
Addressing Teachers' Feelings of Lack of Control over Policy Issues
Judson, E. (2013) · Journal of Education and Training Studies · doi:10.11114/jets.v2i1.171 · Cited by 2
“…when they believe their own behaviors and abilities can significantly influence consequences; similarly, an external locus of control leads people to believe that consequences are determined on external factors such as luck or powerful administrative forces (Janssen & Carton, 1999; Rotter, 1966).”
Background
Understanding Failure: Social Workers Reflec t on Their Lice nsing Examination Experience
Works, C. A. (2015) · Cited by 2
ESKALASI KOMITMEN INDIVIDU BERDASARKAN LOCUS OF CONTROL DALAM KASUS INVESTASI
Suwarni, E., Subroto, B., & Irianto, G. (2018) · EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) · doi:10.24034/j25485024.y2013.v17.i4.113 · Cited by 2
Due Monday, Do Monday: A Qualitative Study of Academic Procrastination Among Undergraduate Students During the Pandemic
Lao, H., Lao, K. G., Lao, K. A., Santos, M. D., & Alieto, E. O. (2023) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/978-2-38476-042-8_18 · Cited by 2
Human procrastination: effects of response requirements
Ceballos, C. G. T., Vargas, M. A. P., & dos Santos, C. V. (2023) · Interdisciplinaria Revista de Psicología y Ciencias Afines · doi:10.16888/interd.2023.40.3.19 · Cited by 2
Time Management Behavior among Academic Procrastinators in Bangladesh: A Study on Undergraduate Students of Different Private Universities
Ferdus, Z., Kabir, T., & Akter, S. (2016) · Journal of Business and Technology (Dhaka) · doi:10.3329/jbt.v10i2.29466 · Cited by 2
“…issues impacting on their studies (Day, Mensink & O’Sullivan, 2000) and procrastination commonly affects 46% to 95% of students (Gallagher, Borg, Golin, & Kellehr, 1992; Janssen & Carton, 1999; Kachgal, Hansen, & Nutter, 2001; Paden & Stell, 1997; Özer, Demir, & Ferrari, 2009).”
Analysis of Procrastination and Flow Experiences
Dawson, B. L. (2007) · Cited by 2
The Determinants of and Tools for Accounting Studentss Learning in the Bachelor Thesis Seminar CoursePreprint
Miihkinen, A., & Virtanen, T. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2388648 · Cited by 2
Does student passivity exist? The impact of the student and instructor on involvement in and outside of the college classroom.
Sidelinger, R. J. (2008) · doi:10.33915/etd.9770 · Cited by 2
PERILAKU PROKASTINASI MAHASISWA DITINJAU DARI LOCUS OF CONTROL
Hartosujono, H. (2017) · JURNAL SPIRITS · doi:10.30738/spirits.v3i1.1123 · Cited by 1
Contribution Of Locus of Control to Students' Academic Procrastination: A Systematic Literature Review
Tyara, R., Mulawarman, M., Sunawan, S., & Mulyani, P. K. (2023) · Grief and Trauma · doi:10.59388/gt.v1i2.653 · Cited by 1
“Then, the research results by Jansen & Carton (1999) revealed that students with an internal locus of control did not often procrastinate and completed assignments earlier than those with an external locus of control.”
Un análisis del profesorado: su tendencia general a la dilación, percepción de eficacia profesional / auto-eficacia y altruismo
Dilmaç, B. (2009) · Cited by 1
Psychometric Properties of the Academic Locus of Control Scale- Adolescent Form
Sarıçam, H. (2014) · Cited by 1
HUBUNGAN ANTARA TINGKAT STRES DENGAN PERILAKU PROKRASTINASI PADA MAHASISWA FKIP UHO YANG SEDANG MENYUSUN SKRIPSI
Octafiani, I. A., Aspin, A., & Kaimuddin, S. M. (2020) · Jurnal Sublimapsi · doi:10.36709/sublimapsi.v1i1.10536 · Cited by 1
A Lack of Focus, Not Task Avoidance, Makes the Difference: Work Routines in Procrastinators and Non-Procrastinators
Di Nocera, F., De Piano, R., Rullo, M., & Tempestini, G. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13040333 · Cited by 1
“Although the literature has placed the focus primarily on these traits, procrastination seems to be a (presumably learned) behavioral strategy that is used to avoid the unpleasant feelings associated with the completion of aversive tasks, such as difficult or boring tasks [26,34,35], which are often thought of as not…”
Background
THE EFFECT OF LOCUS OF CONTROL (LOC) ON IMPROVING STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES
Ahmad, I. I., Hanifah, N., & Nugraha, D. (2023) · JMIE (Journal of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Education) · doi:10.32934/jmie.v7i2.554 · Cited by 1

Authors: Janssen, T., & Carton, J. S.
Affiliations: Beloit College (US)
Oglethorpe University (US)
Venue: The Journal of Genetic Psychology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1999-12
Volume: 160
Issue: 4
Pages: 436-442
ISSN: 0022-1325 (ISSN-L)
1940-0896
DOI: 10.1080/00221329909595557
OpenAlex: W2076980316
Cited by: 133
References: 26
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 1.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Genetic Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
Keywords: procrastination, locus of control, task difficulty, internal locus of control, external locus of control, academic performance, homework completion, social learning theory, university students
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Students, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Young Adult

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The effects of locus of control and task difficulty on procrastination.

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