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Thirty years of density functional theory in computational chemistry: an overview and extensive assessment of 200 density functionals
Open accessAbstract
In the past 30 years, Kohn–Sham density functional theory has emerged as the most popular electronic structuremethod in computational chemistry. To assess the ever-increasing number of approximate exchange-correlation functionals, this review benchmarks a total of 200 density functionals on a molecular database (MGCDB84) of nearly 5000 data points. The database employed, provided as Supplemental Data, is comprised of 84 data-sets and contains non-covalent interactions, isomerisation energies, thermochemistry, and barrier heights. In addition, the evolution of nonempirical and semi-empirical density functional design is reviewed, and guidelines are provided for the proper and effective use of density functionals. The most promising functional considered is ωB97M-V, a range-separated hybrid meta-GGA with VV10 nonlocal correlation, designed using a combinatorial approach. From the local GGAs, B97-D3, revPBE-D3, and BLYP-D3 are recommended, while from the local meta-GGAs, B97M-rV is the leading choice, followed by MS1-D3 and M06-LD3. The best hybrid GGAs are ωB97X-V, ωB97X-D3, and ωB97X-D, while useful hybrid meta-GGAs (besides ωB97M-V) include ωM05-D, M06-2X-D3, and MN15. Ultimately, today’s state-of-the-art functionals are close to achieving the level of accuracy desired for a broad range of chemical applications, and the principal remaining limitations are associated with systems that exhibit significant selfinteraction/ delocalisation errors and/or strong correlation effects.
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“Such small errors for activation barriers can be considered to lie within DFT accuracy which is on average about 20–30 kJ mol−1 with respect to coupled cluster calculations in the case of (meta)GGA functionals74.”
From A reactive neural network framework for water-loaded acidic zeolites (2024) · cites this paper as [74]
In the citing paper
“For the higher-level reference, we chose the range-separated hybrid DFT functional ωB97X complemented with the empirical dispersion correction D3(BJ): a functional that shows considerably better performance for water cluster binding energies and reaction barriers74,77,78 than our baseline reference SCAN+D3(BJ) functional.”
From A reactive neural network framework for water-loaded acidic zeolites (2024) · cites this paper as [74]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mardirossian, N., & Head-Gordon, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- ORCID
- Mardirossian, Narbe
- Venue
- Molecular Physics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-06-21
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 2315-2372
- ISSN
- 0026-8976 (ISSN-L)
- 1362-3028
- OpenAlex
- W2639728117
- Cited by
- 2,307
- References
- 258
- Citations by year
- 2026: 269 · 2025: 288 · 2024: 283 · 2023: 288 · 2022: 280 · 2021: 285 · 2020: 297 · 2019: 195 · 2018: 111 · 2017: 8
- FWCI
- 81.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Physics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Basic Energy Sciences (DE-AC02- 05CH11231)
- MURI (W911NF-14-1-0359)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Chemical Physics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Physical Organic Chemistry and Reaction Kinetics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › Advanced Physical and Chemical Molecular Interactions
- Keywords
- density functionals, exchange-correlation functionals, functional benchmarking, non-covalent interactions, thermochemistry, reaction barrier height, range-separated hybrid functionals, meta-GGA, self-interaction error, strong correlation effects, Kohn-Sham theory, electronic structure methods
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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