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Thirty years of density functional theory in computational chemistry: an overview and extensive assessment of 200 density functionals
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In the past 30 years, Kohn–Sham density functional theory has emerged as the most popular electronic structuremethod in computational chemistry. To assess the ever-increasing number of approximate exchange-correlation functionals, this review benchmarks a total of 200 density functionals on a molecular database (MGCDB84) of nearly 5000 data points. The database employed, provided as Supplemental Data, is comprised of 84 data-sets and contains non-covalent interactions, isomerisation energies, thermochemistry, and barrier heights. In addition, the evolution of nonempirical and semi-empirical density functional design is reviewed, and guidelines are provided for the proper and effective use of density functionals. The most promising functional considered is ωB97M-V, a range-separated hybrid meta-GGA with VV10 nonlocal correlation, designed using a combinatorial approach. From the local GGAs, B97-D3, revPBE-D3, and BLYP-D3 are recommended, while from the local meta-GGAs, B97M-rV is the leading choice, followed by MS1-D3 and M06-LD3. The best hybrid GGAs are ωB97X-V, ωB97X-D3, and ωB97X-D, while useful hybrid meta-GGAs (besides ωB97M-V) include ωM05-D, M06-2X-D3, and MN15. Ultimately, today’s state-of-the-art functionals are close to achieving the level of accuracy desired for a broad range of chemical applications, and the principal remaining limitations are associated with systems that exhibit significant selfinteraction/ delocalisation errors and/or strong correlation effects.
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“Such small errors for activation barriers can be considered to lie within DFT accuracy which is on average about 20–30 kJ mol−1 with respect to coupled cluster calculations in the case of (meta)GGA functionals74.”
From A reactive neural network framework for water-loaded acidic zeolites (2024) · cites this paper as [74]
In the citing paper
“For the higher-level reference, we chose the range-separated hybrid DFT functional ωB97X complemented with the empirical dispersion correction D3(BJ): a functional that shows considerably better performance for water cluster binding energies and reaction barriers74,77,78 than our baseline reference SCAN+D3(BJ) functional.”
From A reactive neural network framework for water-loaded acidic zeolites (2024) · cites this paper as [74]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mardirossian, N., & Head-Gordon, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- ORCID
- Mardirossian, Narbe
- Venue
- Molecular Physics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-06-21
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 2315-2372
- ISSN
- 0026-8976 (ISSN-L)
- 1362-3028
- OpenAlex
- W2639728117
- Cited by
- 2,307
- References
- 258
- Citations by year
- 2026: 269 · 2025: 288 · 2024: 283 · 2023: 288 · 2022: 280 · 2021: 285 · 2020: 297 · 2019: 195 · 2018: 111 · 2017: 8
- FWCI
- 81.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Physics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Basic Energy Sciences (DE-AC02- 05CH11231)
- MURI (W911NF-14-1-0359)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Chemical Physics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Physical Organic Chemistry and Reaction Kinetics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › Advanced Physical and Chemical Molecular Interactions
- Keywords
- density functionals, exchange-correlation functionals, functional benchmarking, non-covalent interactions, thermochemistry, reaction barrier height, range-separated hybrid functionals, meta-GGA, self-interaction error, strong correlation effects, Kohn-Sham theory, electronic structure methods
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