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Stable oxygen and carbon isotope compositional fields for skeletal and diagenetic components in New Zealand Cenozoic nontropical carbonate sediments and limestones: A synthesis and review
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The stable oxygen isotope composition (δ 18 O) of a precipitated carbonate depends mainly on the isotope composition, salinity, and temperature of the host fluid, whereas the stable carbon isotope composition (δ 13 C) reflects the source of CO 2 for precipitation, such as meteoric or sea water, shell dissolution, or various biochemical origins, including microbial oxidation of organic matter and methane. Despite the potentially complex array of controls, natural waters tend to show a characteristic range of isotope values which in turn are mimicked or tracked by the carbonate minerals precipitated from them. Consequently, plots of δ 18 O versus δ 13 C for carbonate materials can help identify their depositional and/or diagenetic environment(s). Here we compile isotope results for about 800 samples of carbonate skeletons, bulk sediments, fossils, limestones, cements, concretions, and veins spanning a range of ages (latest Cretaceous to modern) and locations in temperate‐region New Zealand. Despite some overlap, the isotope values for 21 defined categories of carbonate materials tend to group in discrete regions of the δ 18 O‐δ 13 C diagram, thereby providing important insights about their origin. New Zealand modern skeletal shelf carbonates plot in a distinctly different field from their tropical counterparts because of their heavier δ 18 O and narrower range of δ 13 C values, in accord with their nontropical bryomol skeletal facies. Cements in New Zealand temperate limestones are predominantly of burial or, more rarely, meteoric origin, but their nontropical heritage based solely on isotope composition becomes blurred and eventually lost as diagenesis proceeds. In common with many other global examples, siderite, calcite, and dolomite concretions have developed during shallow burial in a range of freshwater to marine depositional settings, the carbon originating mainly from early diagenetic, bacterially mediated reactions involving the decomposition of organic matter in bottom sediments. A summary δ 18 O‐δ 13 C diagram showing mean and standard‐deviation isotope values for the various New Zealand carbonate categories will form a basis for comparing and interpreting other carbonate materials and deposits.
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“In the Cretaceous samples, for example, progressively depleted δ 18 O values are observed with increasing depth (Figure 5B, Area 1 towards Area 2), an observation consistent with diagenesis during progressive burial [100-102].”
From Clumped Isotope Reordering and Kinetic Differences in Co-Hosted Calcite and Dolomite Minerals throughout Burial Diagenesis and Exhumation (2023) · cites this paper as [101]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Nelson, C. S., & Smith, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Waikato (NZ)
- Venue
- New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1996-03
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 93-107
- ISSN
- 0028-8306 (ISSN-L)
- 1175-8791
- OpenAlex
- W2156055143
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 1.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics (publishedVersion)
- Research Commons (University of Waikato) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Waikato
- University of Tasmania
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Earth-Surface Processes › Geological formations and processes
- Keywords
- stable oxygen isotopes, stable carbon isotopes, carbonate diagenesis, carbonate cement, siderite concretions, burial diagenesis, meteoric water, limestone
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