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The Cyber Attack on Saudi Aramco
Abstract
On 15 August 2012, the computer network of Saudi Aramco was struck by a self-replicating virus that infected as many as 30,000 of its Windowsbased machines. Despite its vast resources as Saudi Arab...
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“However, the security aspect of ICS and SCADA systems was not considered a global issue until the discovery of the Stuxnet worm, developed in 2010 with the specific purpose of targeting ICS [170], and the Shamoon virus, responsible for the attack on Saudi Aramco, the world's largest oil company, caused disruption on global energy market [171].”
From SCADA Systems With Focus on Continuous Manufacturing and Steel Industry: A Survey on Architectures, Standards, Challenges and Industry 5.0 (2022) · cites this paper as [170]
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“Although a plentiful of malware attacks such as NotPetya [111], DuQu-2 [112, 113, 114, 115], Cryptlocker [116], Shamoon-1 [117, 118], Shamoon-2 [119, 120], Flame/SKyWIper [121, 122, 123, 124], Gauss [123, 125, 126], Icefog [127], Dragonfly-Group/Energetic Bear [128, 129], Red October [130, 131, 132], and Night Dragon […”
BackgroundConstructing Norms for Global Cybersecurity
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Cybersecurity of industrial cyber-physical systems: A review
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“Saudi Aramco Attack [21] .”
BackgroundA Study of Cyber Security Awareness in Educational Environment in the Middle East
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“For instance, Saudi Aramco O&G company a critical provider in the global energy sector witnessed cyberattack which took almost two weeks to recover leading to several damages [71].”
BackgroundCyber Security and Critical Energy Infrastructure
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“…of ICS and SCADA systems was not considered a global issue until the discovery of the Stuxnet worm, developed in 2010 with the specific purpose of targeting ICS [168], and two years later, the Shamoon virus responsible for the attack on Saudi Aramco, the world’s largest oil company [169], [170].”
BackgroundA Rule Book on the Shelf? Tallinn Manual 2.0 on Cyberoperations and Subsequent State Practice
Efrony, D., & Shany, Y. (2018) · American Journal of International Law · doi:10.1017/ajil.2018.86 · Cited by 65
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Fractional Dynamics of Stuxnet Virus Propagation in Industrial Control Systems
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“…as well as in the financial market, computer viruses can be used in a network operation as a digital weapon against the desired targets, e.g., a computer spyware program used as an information collection platform in the Syrian war [1], or Shamoon and Stuxnet viruses for cyber incidents [2].”
BackgroundCyber-noir: Cybersecurity and popular culture
Shires, J. (2019) · Contemporary Security Policy · doi:10.1080/13523260.2019.1670006 · Cited by 27
“Often, “ malicious ” actors simply repurpose “ legitimate ” tools and programs, like remote shells or data deletion software (Bronk & Tikk-Ringas, 2013).”
BackgroundJain, H., Kumar, M., & Joshi, A. M. (2021) · Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s00202-021-01380-9 · Cited by 39
An Improvised Patchwork: Success and Failure in Cybersecurity Policy for Critical Infrastructure
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Digital protectionism and national planning in the age of the internet: the case of Iran
Yalçıntaş, A., & Alizadeh, N. (2020) · Journal of Institutional Economics · doi:10.1017/s1744137420000077 · Cited by 31
Analysis and Evaluation of Cyber-attack Impact on Critical Power System Infrastructure
Singh, N. K., & Mahajan, V. (2020) · Smart Science · doi:10.1080/23080477.2020.1861502 · Cited by 28
“AOGC on August 15, 2012, paralyzed by a high impact cyber-attack ‘Shamoon’ which breaks their business network for several months [38,39].”
BackgroundRisk and uncertainty can be analyzed in cyberspace
Brantly, A. F. (2021) · Journal of Cybersecurity · doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyab001 · Cited by 29
“Finally, its failure opened the door for the Iranian regime to respond, which it did with attacks against US interests in the Middle East through a devastating attack against Saudi Aramco [105], and attacks against US interests at home [106].”
BackgroundCountermeasureing Zero Day Attacks: Asset-Based Approach
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Zero click attacks – a new cyber threat for the e-banking sector
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Targeting technology: Mapping military offensive network operations
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“10 See, for example, the 2012 Shamoon attack, in which a presumably Iranian attacker wiped thousands of computers at Saudi’s national gas company, Aramco (Bronk and Tikk-Ringas 2013).”
BackgroundHack-and-leak operations: intrusion and influence in the Gulf
Shires, J. (2019) · Journal of Cyber Policy · doi:10.1080/23738871.2019.1636108 · Cited by 21
Adversarial co-evolution of attack and defense in a segmented computer network environment
Hemberg, E., Zipkin, J. R., Skowyra, R., et al. (2018) · Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion (GECCO Companion) · doi:10.1145/3205651.3208287 · Cited by 21
“The attacker moved laterally to spread malware to as many as 30,000 network devices, which were rendered not only inoperable but unrecoverable [3].”
BackgroundРубан, І. В., Martovytskyi, V., & Lukova-Chuiko, N. V. (2018) · Cybernetics and Systems Analysis · doi:10.1007/s10559-018-0032-1 · Cited by 20
Cyber warfare: terms, issues, laws and controversies
Seviş, K. N., & Şeker, E. (2016) · International Conference on Cyber Security and Protection of Digital Services (Cyber Security) · doi:10.1109/cybersecpods.2016.7502348 · Cited by 20
“A self-replicating virus ( Shamoon ) infected more than 30,000 devices of Saudi Aramco on 15 August 2012 which caused huge interruption to the world's biggest oil producer [36].”
BackgroundExploring Cybersecurity Ecosystem in the Middle East: Towards an SME Recommender System
Ahmed, N. N., & Nanath, K. (2021) · Journal of Cyber Security and Mobility · doi:10.13052/jcsm2245-1439.1032 · Cited by 19
“Saudi Arabia’s interest in cybersecurity exploded following the noto-rious 2012 Aramco cyber-attack [31].”
BackgroundAmissah, J., Abdel‐Rahim, O., Mansour, D. A., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-63668-7 · Cited by 19
An Overview on Cyber Security Awareness in Muslim Countries
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“In this case, the infection spread to actually all workstations of its personnel, including their super-computer for the simulation of processes of distribution of oil in the extraction [3].”
BackgroundStrategic DoS Attack in Continuous Space for Cyber-Physical Systems Over Wireless Networks
Huang, M., Tsang, K. F. E., Li, Y., Li, L., & Shi, L. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Signal and Information Processing over Networks · doi:10.1109/tsipn.2022.3174969 · Cited by 17
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A Modified McCumber Cube as a Basis for a Taxonomy of Cyber Attacks
Easttom, C., & Butler, W. (2019) · IEEE Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC) · doi:10.1109/ccwc.2019.8666559 · Cited by 16
“The Shamoon virus was first discovered in 2012, and later a variant resurged in 2017 [24].”
BackgroundCritical energy infrastructure and the evolution of cybersecurity
Sanders, P., Bronk, C., & Bazilian, M. (2022) · The Electricity Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tej.2022.107224 · Cited by 16
Self-citationTAMBUS: A novel authentication method through covert channels for securing industrial networks
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Cyberterrorism Definition Patterns and Mitigation Strategies: A Literature Review
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“[25]Others attacks include the Maroochy water and sewage system in Australia, in 2008, a cyber attack was launched against an oil pipeline in Turkey [26].”
BackgroundIs there a cyber security dilemma?
Beckerman, C. (2022) · Journal of Cybersecurity · doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyac012 · Cited by 19
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“After the station was successfully deleted, the Reporter automatically sent the collected information about the attack [7].”
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“…attackers will largely disregard phase-two attacks (which quickly lose of appeal as too many resources and time likely need be dedicated to complete the second phase), and focus instead on standard internet-facing systems, which appears indeed to be the case for most attacks of this type [15, 42].”
Vulnerabilities and Cyberspace: A New Kind of Crises
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Identification and Prevention of Cyber Attack in Smart Grid Communication Network
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MethodA case study in the use of attack graphs for predicting the security of cyber-physical systems
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Zero-day and zero-click attacks on digital banking: a comprehensive review of double trouble
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“Cybercriminals not only pilfer sensitive data from customers and organizations but also cause financial losses (Bronk and Tikk-Ringas 2013; Bressolles et al. 2014).”
BackgroundA Methodological Approach to Weaponizing Machine Learning
Easttom, C. (2019) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Manufacturing (AIAM) · doi:10.1145/3358331.3358376 · Cited by 8
Improving security in industry 4.0 by extending OPC-UA with usage control
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Rules of engagement for cyberspace operations: a view from the USA
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“Shamoon is speculated to have been carried out by Iran, but this remains unproven [24].”
BackgroundA Literature Survey and Analysis on Social Engineering Defense Mechanisms and Infosec Policies
Alharthi, D. N., & Regan, A. (2021) · International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications · doi:10.5121/ijnsa.2021.13204 · Cited by 7
“These devices were partially wiped or totally destroyed [46], [47], [48].”
BackgroundA malicious activity detection system utilizing predictive modeling in complex environments
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“According to security reports, this malware infected around 30,000 workstations, causing the firm to spend almost two weeks to fully recover from the disruption caused by data loss and disabled workstations [10].”
BackgroundSaving face in the cyberspace: Responses to public cyber intrusions in the Gulf
Abramson, Y., & Baram, G. (2023) · Contemporary Security Policy · doi:10.1080/13523260.2023.2271794 · Cited by 6
“Despite its vast resources, Saudi Aramco took almost two weeks to recover from the attack and restore the damage (Bronk & Tikk-Ringas, 2013).”
BackgroundDigital Transformation and Cybersecurity Fears on National Security in GCC
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Securing the software defined perimeter with evolutionary co-optimization
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“[5] In this paper we focus on improving security against malware intrusion attacks.”
BackgroundOn the Edge Realtime Intrusion Prevention System for DoS Attack
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“Popular attacks like STUXNET [10] and Shamoon [9] were able to compromise these trusted nodes.”
BackgroundThe Fragmented Securitization of Cyber Threats
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“The latter can consist of copying and stealing information, and completely shutting down thousands of afflicted PCs, as demonstrated in the attack on the Saudi company Aramco (Bronk & Tikk-Ringas, 2013).”
An Argument for Cybersecurity in Saudi Arabia
Dawson, M. E. (2022) · Revista Academiei Forţelor Terestre · doi:10.2478/raft-2022-0011 · Cited by 5
“An estimated 30,000 Windowsbased machines operating on the corporate network fell victim to the Shamoon virus (Bronk & Tikk-Ringas, 2013).”
BackgroundVulnerability of South African Commodity Value Chains to Cyber Incidents
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Cyber threat intelligence for critical infrastructure security
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Cyberattacks in the context of international law enforcement
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Social Engineering Infosec Policies (SE-IPS)
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“Recovery from this incident required nearly two weeks, resulting in substantial damage and adversely affecting numerous aspects of the organization’s operations [113].”
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Cyber Conflict as Statecraft: Explaining the Persistence of State-Sponsored Cyber Operations
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Complexity of Contemporary Indicators of Compromise
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Considerations for Planning a Multi-Platform Energy Utility System
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“The attackers used “wiper” malware which was also used in the Ukrainian attack, which renders computers useless, to disable 30,000 OT workstations and disrupt the internal operations and workstations of Saudi Aramco for days [10].”
MethodLegal Framework of Cyber Security
Tikk, E. (2015) · International series on intelligent systems, control and automation: science and engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18302-2_8 · Cited by 3
Self-citationCyber Cases: The PICCA Framework for Documenting Geopolitically Relevant Cyber Action
Bronk, C., & Jones, N. P. (2023) · Journal of Strategic Security · doi:10.5038/1944-0472.16.1.2068 · Cited by 3
“10 To do so, the authors provide an overview of case study methods, with emphasis on international security; review several significant case studies of geopolitically relevant cyberattacks; offer a framework, the Policy Informative Cyber Case Analysis (PICCA) for case analysis of such attacks; and…”
BackgroundSelf-citationSCADA Systems Cyber Security for Critical Infrastructures
Ismail, S., Sitnikova, E., & Slay, J. (2016) · International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism · doi:10.4018/ijcwt.2016070107 · Cited by 3
The Future of Data Storage: A Case Study with the Saudi Company
Ghamdi, A. A. (2018) · Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering · doi:10.11648/j.jeee.20180601.11 · Cited by 3
“Q5’s answer: Most SA IT members believe that their storage systems are protected against cyber-attacks, with the exception of the virus attack against the SA system in August 2012 that affected about 30,000 workstations [3].”
BackgroundShehadeh, L., & Lai, Q. (2020) · Politics and Religion · doi:10.1017/s1755048320000206 · Cited by 3
“The kingdom cannot afford its expensive financial incentive packages and has witnessed a serious increase in unemployment of approximately 13%, with an even higher percentage for Saudi citizens under the age of 29 (Bronk and Tikk-Ringas 2013).”
BackgroundStudy on Consumers’ Perceived Benefits and Risks of Smart Energy System
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Modelling and simulating organizational ransomware recovery: structure, methodology, and decisions
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Aytekin, A., Coşkun, A., & Dursun, M. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16010177 · Cited by 2
Digital Transformation of Energy Systems: Technologies, Data, Governance and Cyber Security
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Impact of Cyber Attack on Saudi Aramco
I.alghamdi, M. I. (2021) · Journal of Cybersecurity and Information Management · doi:10.54216/jcim.070102 · Cited by 2
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“This is clearly demonstrated in various recent security incidents, including the German steel mill attack [4], the 2015 Ukrainian blackout [5], and the Saudi Aramco incident [6].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Bronk, C., & Tikk-Ringas, E.
- Venue
- Survival
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-04-03
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 81-96
- ISSN
- 0039-6338 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2699
- OpenAlex
- W2074548145
- Cited by
- 160
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 45.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Survival (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Information and Cyber Security
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
- Keywords
- ransomware, oil and gas industry, critical infrastructure security, corporate network security
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