A content analysis of direct-to-consumer (DTC) prescription drug Web sites

Macias, Wendy; Lewis, Liza Stavchansky

doi:10.1080/00913367.2003.10639147

Cited by 98Pharmaceutical industry and healthcareMarketing and Advertising StrategiesHealth, Technology, Consumer Behavior

A content analysis of direct-to-consumer (DTC) prescription drug Web sites

Macias, Wendy, Lewis, Liza Stavchansky·2003·Journal of Advertising

DOI 10.1080/00913367.2003.10639147

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The main goal of this content analysis study was to examine the content and form of direct-to-consumer (DTC) drug Web sites and explore their public policy implications. Although studies have examined print communications, very little academic attention has been paid to DTC Web sites. This study is a census of 90 complete DTC drug Web sites. Results showed that DTC sites used advertising appeals similar to those found in print ads, but they included more monetary incentives and a much higher degree of medical and drug information. The data show that these sites may be better suited to fulfilling Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines because of their inclusion of more information. Suggestions for future research are discussed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/00913367.2003.10639147

Cites

30 of 30 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Individuals report that online health information improves their understanding of health issues, influences their treatment decisions, and leads them to share new information with healthcare providers.
“Individuals report that such information improves their understanding of health issues, influences their treatment decisions, and leads them to share new information with their healthcare providers (HCPs).[5–8]”
From Perceived healthcare provider reactions to patient and caregiver use of online health communities (2014) · cites this paper as [7]

Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology.
Shelley, M., & Krippendorff, K. (1984) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2288384 · Cited by 24,305 · see citing works
Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities.
Parker, E. B., & Holsti, O. R. (1970) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2093233 · Cited by 4,553 · see citing works
Measuring the Customer Experience in Online Environments: A Structural Modeling Approach
Novak, T. P., Hoffman, D. L., & Yung, Y. (2000) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.19.1.22.15184 · Cited by 3,201 · see citing works
Analyzing media messages using quantitative content analysis in research
Riffe, D., Lacy, S. R., Watson, B. R., & Fico, F. G. (2005) · doi:10.4324/9780429464287 · Cited by 2,236 · see citing works
Consumer Decision Making in Online Shopping Environments: The Effects of Interactive Decision Aids
Häubl, G., & Trifts, V. (2000) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.19.1.4.15178 · Cited by 1,731 · see citing works
Krippendorff, Klaus, Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology . Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1980.
Krippendorff, K. (1980) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research · Cited by 1,207 · see citing works
The Effects of Progressive Levels of Interactivity and Vividness in Web Marketing Sites
Coyle, J. R., & Thorson, E. (2001) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.2001.10673646 · Cited by 1,174 · see citing works
Measures of Perceived Interactivity: An Exploration of the Role of Direction of Communication, User Control, and Time in Shaping Perceptions of Interactivity
McMillan, S. J., & Hwang, J. (2002) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.2002.10673674 · Cited by 1,087 · see citing works
The Microscope and the Moving Target: The Challenge of Applying Content Analysis to the World Wide Web
McMillan, S. J. (2000) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/107769900007700107 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
An Analysis of Information Content in Television Advertising
Resnik, A. J., & Stern, B. L. (1977) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224297704100107 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Direct-To-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising: Trends, Impact, And Implications
Wilkes, M. S., Bell, R. A., & Kravitz, R. L. (2000) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.19.2.110 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Content Analysis of the World Wide Web
Weare, C., & Lin, W. (2000) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/089443930001800304 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Cognitive Impact of Banner Ad Characteristics: An Experimental Study
Li, H., & Bukovac, J. L. (1999) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/107769909907600211 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Direct-to-consumer advertisements for prescription drugs: what are Americans being sold?
Woloshin, S., Schwartz, L. M., Tremmel, J. A., & Welch, H. G. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06254-7 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Public Policy Issues in Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs
Calfee, J. E. (2002) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1509/jppm.21.2.174.17580 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
The educational value of consumer-targeted prescription drug print advertising.
Bell, R. A., Wilkes, M. S., & Kravitz, R. L. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Informing patients : an assessment of the quality of patient information materials
Coulter, A., Entwistle, V. A., & Gilbert, D. (1998) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising, 1989-1998. A content analysis of conditions, targets, inducements, and appeals.
Bell, R. A., Kravitz, R. L., & Wilkes, M. S. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 120 · see citing works
From On-Air to Online World: Examining the Content and Structures of Broadcast TV Stations' Web Sites
Chan‐Olmsted, S. M., & Park, J. S. (2000) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/107769900007700207 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising
Bradley, L. R., & ZITO, J. M. (1997) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199701000-00008 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Patterns in Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Print Advertising and Their Public Policy Implications
Roth, M. S. (1996) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1177/074391569601500106 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
A Beginning Look at the Effects of Interactivity, Product Involvement and Web Experience on Comprehension: Brand Web Sites as Interactive Advertising
Macias, W. (2003) · Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising · doi:10.1080/10641734.2003.10505147 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citation
Consumer Awareness of Prescription Drug Advertising
Alperstein, N. M., & Peyrot, M. F. (1993) · Journal of Advertising Research · doi:10.1080/00218499.1993.12466903 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Pharmaceuticals: A Consumer Perspective from New Zealand
Coney, S. (2002) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1509/jppm.21.2.213.17592 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The use of pharmaceutical Web sites for prescription drug information and product requests
Maddox, L. M. (1999) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/10610429910299728 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Effects of Print Format in Direct-To-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertisements on Risk Knowledge and Preference
Wogalter, M. S., Smith‐Jackson, T. L., Mills, B. J., & Paine, C. S. (2002) · Drug Information Journal · doi:10.1177/009286150203600324 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising: Content Analysis and Public Policy Implications
Parker, B. J., & Delene, L. M. (1998) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management · doi:10.3109/j058v12n04_03 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Marketing Health Care Products on the Internet: A Proposal for Updated Federal Regulations
Green, K. (1998) · American Journal of Law & Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0098858800010467 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Marketing of Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drugs
Parker, B. J., & Delene, L. M. (1999) · Journal of Promotion Management · doi:10.1300/j057v05n01_04 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The evolving doctor-patient to provider-consumer relationship.
Friedler, E. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 31 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

The Harm of Symbolic Actions and Green-Washing: Corporate Actions and Communications on Environmental Performance and Their Financial Implications
Walker, K., & Wan, F. (2011) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-011-1122-4 · Cited by 1,265 · see citing works
Marketing of the Life Sciences: A New Framework and Research Agenda for a Nascent Field
Stremersch, S., & Dyck, W. V. (2009) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.73.4.4 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Perceived healthcare provider reactions to patient and caregiver use of online health communities
Rupert, D. J., Moultrie, R. R., Read, J. G., Amoozegar, J. B., Bornkessel, A. S., O’Donoghue, A. C., & Sullivan, H. W. (2014) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2014.05.015 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Factors Affecting Trust in On-line Prescription Drug Information and Impact of Trust on Behavior Following Exposure to DTC Advertising
Huh, J., DeLorme, D. E., & Reid, L. N. (2005) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730500326716 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Is the Information “Fair and Balanced” in Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Websites?
Huh, J., & Cude, B. J. (2004) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730490882667 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Fit for life: A content analysis of fitness tracker brands use of Facebook in social media marketing
Pinto, M. B., & Yagnik, A. S. (2016) · Journal of Brand Management · doi:10.1057/s41262-016-0014-4 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Using Brand Websites to Build Brands Online: A Product versus Service Brand Comparison
Dou, W., & Krishnamurthy, S. (2007) · Journal of Advertising Research · doi:10.2501/s0021849907070225 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
A Wonderful Life or Diarrhea and Dry Mouth? Policy Issues of Direct-to-Consumer Drug Advertising on Television
Macias, W., Pashupati, K., & Lewis, L. S. (2007) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410230701626893 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Return of the House Call: The Role of Internet-Based Interactivity in Bringing Health Information Home to Older Adults
Macias, W., & McMillan, S. (2008) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410230701805174 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citation
Defining and measuring social customer-relationship management (CRM) capabilities
Kim, H. G., & Wang, Z. (2018) · Journal of Marketing Analytics · doi:10.1057/s41270-018-0044-8 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Can Online Consumers Contribute to Drug Knowledge? A Mixed-Methods Comparison of Consumer-Generated and Professionally Controlled Psychotropic Medication Information on the Internet
Hughes, S., & Cohen, D. (2011) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1716 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
An Examination of Consumers' Attitudes and Beliefs towards Web Site Advertising
Karson, E. J., McCloy, S. D., & Bonner, P. G. (2006) · Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising · doi:10.1080/10641734.2006.10505200 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Compliance” to “Concordance”: A Critical View
Segal, J. Z. (2007) · Journal of Medical Humanities · doi:10.1007/s10912-007-9030-4 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
In Poor Health: An Assessment of Privacy Policies at Direct-to-Consumer Web Sites
Sheehan, K. B. (2005) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1509/jppm.2005.24.2.273 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The state of public research on over‐the‐counter drug advertising
DeLorme, D. E., Huh, J., Reid, L. N., & An, S. (2010) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing · doi:10.1108/17506121011076156 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Eye-tracking evidence that happy faces impair verbal message comprehension: the case of health warnings in direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical television commercials
Russell, C. A., Swasy, J. L., Russell, D. W., & Engel, L. (2016) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2016.1196030 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Understanding the Impact of Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) Pharmaceutical Advertising on Patient-Physician Interactions: Adding the Web to the Mix
Choi, S. M., & Lee, W. (2007) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.2753/joa0091-3367360311 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
An examination of humor and endorser effects on consumers' responses to direct‐to‐consumer advertising
Limbu, Y. B., Huhmann, B. A., & Peterson, R. T. (2012) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing · doi:10.1108/17506121211216888 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Pharmaceutical Websites and the Communication of Risk Information
Davis, J. J., Cross, E., & Crowley, J. H. (2007) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730601091326 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Relationship Between DTCA, Drug Requests, and Prescriptions: Uncovering Variation in Specialty and Space
Stremersch, S., Landsman, V., & Venkataraman, S. (2012) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.1120.0757 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Antidepressant Direct-to-Consumer Advertising and Social Perception of the Prevalence of Depression: Application of the Availability Heuristic
An, S. (2008) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410230802342127 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Web content analysis of e‐grocery retailers: a longitudinal study
Lim, H., Widdows, R., & Hooker, N. H. (2009) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/09590550910988020 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) Branded Drug Web Sites Risk Presentation and Implications for Public Policy
Sheehan, K. B. (2007) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.2753/joa0091-3367360310 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Content of Cosmetic Surgery Advertisements Placed in Large City Magazines, 1985–2004
Hennink-Kaminski, H. J., Reid, L. N., & King, K. W. (2010) · Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising · doi:10.1080/10641734.2010.10505284 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Strategies for the Super Bowl of Advertising: An Analysis of How the Web is Integrated into Campaigns
Kim, J., McMillan, S. J., & Hwang, J. (2005) · Journal of Interactive Advertising · doi:10.1080/15252019.2005.10722107 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Effect of Qualifying Language on Perceptions of Drug Appeal, Drug Experience, and Estimates of Side-Effect Incidence in DTC Advertising
Davis, J. J. (2007) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730701615164 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Consumer opinion and effectiveness of direct-to-consumer advertising
Spake, D. F., & Joseph, M. (2007) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/07363760710773102 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The customer journey: a proposal of indicators to evaluate integration and customer orientation
Palazón, M. M. C. P. C., López, M., Piñero, M. S., & López, I. L. (2022) · Journal of Marketing Communications · doi:10.1080/13527266.2022.2051584 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Message Strategies in Direct-to-Consumer Pharmaceutical Advertising: A Content Analysis Using Taylor's Six-Segment Message Strategy Wheel
Tsai, W. S., & Lancaster, A. R. (2012) · Health Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07359683.2012.705708 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Impact of Animated Spokes-Characters in Print Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising: An Elaboration Likelihood Model Approach
Bhutada, N. S., Rollins, B. L., & Perri, M. (2016) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1138382 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Personalizing 3D virtual fashion stores: Exploring modularity with a typology of atmospherics based on user input
Wu, J., Song, S., & Whang, C. H. (2021) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2021.103461 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
How Well Do Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) Prescription Drug Web Sites Meet FDA Guidelines and Public Policy Concerns?
Macias, W., & Lewis, L. S. (2005) · Health Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.1300/j026v22n04_04 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citation
Direct‐to‐consumer advertising and young consumers: building brand value
Baca, E., Holguin, J., & Stratemeyer, A. W. (2005) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/07363760510631110 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Communication Strategies in Cosmetic Surgery Websites: An Application of Taylor's Six-Segment Message Strategy Wheel
Ahn, H., Wu, L., & Taylor, R. E. (2013) · Health Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07359683.2013.787879 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Trust in Prescription Drug Brand Websites: Website Trust Cues, Attitude Toward the Website, and Behavioral Intentions
Huh, J., & Shin, W. (2013) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2013.798386 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cross‐cultural comparison of interactivity and advertising appeals on antismoking web sites in the United States and South Korea
Yu, H., Paek, H., & Bae, B. (2008) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/10662240810912738 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Direct-to-consumer-advertising of prescription medicines: a theoretical approach to understanding.
Harker, M., & Harker, D. (2007) · Leadership in Health Services · doi:10.1108/17511870710745411 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Toward a Pragmatic Understanding of the Advertising and Public Policy Literature
Rotfeld, H. J., & Stafford, M. R. (2007) · Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising · doi:10.1080/10641734.2007.10505209 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Pharmaceutical Companies as a Source of Health Information: A Pilot Study of the Effects of Source, Web Site Interactivity, and Involvement
Kim, H. (2011) · Health Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07359683.2011.545327 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
When the going gets tough, ads become straightforward but multi-appealed: The influence of the recession on financial services advertising appeals
Ahn, H., Song, Y.-A., & Sung, Y. (2011) · Journal of Financial Services Marketing · doi:10.1057/fsm.2011.17 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Communication Strategies in Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising (DTCA): Application of the Six Segment Message Strategy Wheel
Ju, I., & Park, J. (2015) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2014.999890 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
How Much are Health Websites Influenced by Culture? Content Analysis of Online Diet Programs in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Korea
Yu, J. H., King, K. W., & Yoon, H. J. (2010) · Journal of Promotion Management · doi:10.1080/10496490903294703 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Message framing and the effectiveness of DTC advertising: The moderating role of subjective product knowledge
Kim, K. A., & Park, J. (2010) · Journal of Medical Marketing Device Diagnostic and Pharmaceutical Marketing · doi:10.1057/jmm.2010.4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Application of the Long Tail Economy to the Online News Market: Examining Predictors of Market Performance
Huang, J. S., & Wang, W.-C. (2014) · Journal of Media Economics · doi:10.1080/08997764.2014.931860 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Beavers, Bubbles, Bees, and Moths
Pashupati, K. (2009) · Journal of Advertising Research · doi:10.2501/s0021849909090473 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ethical and practical implications of pharmaceutical direct‐to‐consumer advertising
Hoek, J. A. (2007) · International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing · doi:10.1002/nvsm.319 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Consumer responses to pharmaceutical-company-sponsored disease information websites and DTC branded websites
Huh, J., & Shin, W. (2015) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijphm-05-2014-0026 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Dr. Mom and Dr. Web
Macias, W., Lewis, L. S., & Shankar, V. (2004) · Journal of Interactive Advertising · doi:10.1080/15252019.2004.10722083 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
Best Practices or Advertising Hype? A Content Analysis of Cosmetic Surgery Websites' Procedural, Risk, and Benefit Information
Goodman, J. R. (2017) · Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising · doi:10.1080/10641734.2017.1291382 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Changing Face of Direct-to-Consumer Print Advertising
Macias, W., Lewis, L. S., & Baek, T. H. (2010) · Pharmaceutical Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf03256813 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effect of placement and modality on the recall of information from pharmaceutical web sites
Davis, J. J. (2009) · Journal of Medical Marketing Device Diagnostic and Pharmaceutical Marketing · doi:10.1057/jmm.2009.42 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Aging consumers and drug marketing: Senior citizens’ views on DTC advertising, the medicare prescription drug programme and pharmaceutical retailing
Joseph, M., Spake, D. F., & Godwin, D. M. (2008) · Journal of Medical Marketing Device Diagnostic and Pharmaceutical Marketing · doi:10.1057/jmm.2008.4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
An exploration of the standardization of targeting strategies and the use of promotional disciplines on the web: A cross-national study
Chang, Y. (2009) · Journal of Marketing Communications · doi:10.1080/13527260802481314 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Pretty as a website: examining aesthetics on nonsurgical cosmetic procedure websites
Grumbein, A., & Goodman, J. R. (2015) · Visual Communication · doi:10.1177/1470357215593861 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Consumer Perceptions of Prescription Drug Websites: A Pilot Study
Wymer, W. (2010) · Health Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07359681003745139 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Effects of endorser type and testimonials in direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising (DTCA)
Rollins, B. L., Huh, J., Bhutada, N. S., & Perri, M. (2020) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijphm-06-2019-0042 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Future Challenges and Opportunities in Online Prescription Drug Promotion Research Comment on "Trouble Spots in Online Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Promotion: A Content Analysis of FDA Warning Letters"
Southwell, B. G., & Rupert, D. J. (2016) · International Journal of Health Policy and Management · doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.05 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Selling a super cosmeceutical: Contextualising risk in direct-to-consumer advertising of BOTOX® Cosmetic
Mello, S. (2012) · Health Risk & Society · doi:10.1080/13698575.2012.680951 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Medical advertising on demand: A content analysis of YouTube direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertisements
Muncy, J. A., Iyer, R., & Eastman, J. K. (2014) · Journal of Medical Marketing Device Diagnostic and Pharmaceutical Marketing · doi:10.1177/1745790414564413 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
How Direct-to-Consumer Drug Websites Convey Disease Information: Analysis of Stigma-Reducing Components
Kang, H., & An, S. (2013) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2013.798378 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Testimonials and Informational Videos on Branded Prescription Drug Websites: Experimental Study to Assess Influence on Consumer Knowledge and Perceptions
Sullivan, H. W., O’Donoghue, A. C., Gard, J. C., Amoozegar, J. B., Aikin, K. J., & Rupert, D. J. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.7959 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Content Analysis of Internet Marketing Strategies: How Pharmaceutical Companies Communicate about Contraceptives with Consumers Online
Ledford, C. J. W. (2009) · Social Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/15245000903038308 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The definition, creation, and evolution of buyer-seller relationships
Walz, A. M. (2009) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.3751 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
How message appeals and prior product use influence information processing, risk perceptions, trust, attitudes, and genetic test purchase intentions
VanDyke, M. S., Lee, N. M., Abitbol, A., & Rush, S. W. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283102 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Online information seeking for prescription drugs
Lachhwani, V., & Ghose, S. (2011) · International Journal of Business and Systems Research · doi:10.1504/ijbsr.2012.044020 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Information Contents in Japanese OTC Drug Advertising from Elaboration Likelihood Model Perspective: Content Analysis of TV Commercials and OTC Drug Websites
Morimoto, M. (2017) · Journal of Promotion Management · doi:10.1080/10496491.2017.1297977 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Social relationships and social anxiety appeals in direct-to-consumer advertising
Good, M. C., & Huhmann, B. A. (2018) · Journal of Marketing Communications · doi:10.1080/13527266.2018.1432499 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Customer engagement in firm-initiated and consumer-initiated online brand communities: an exploratory study
Raichur, V. G., Sharma, D., & Kalro, A. D. (2023) · Information Systems and e-Business Management · doi:10.1007/s10257-023-00630-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Awareness of and Attitudes Toward Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising Among Young Adults
Alperstein, N. M. (2014) · Health Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07359683.2014.936291 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Consumer confusion between prescription drug precautions and side effects
Amoozegar, J. B., Rupert, D. J., Sullivan, H. W., & O’Donoghue, A. C. (2016) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2016.12.032 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Barometer for Beauty: How Cosmetic Surgery Websites Define and Visualize “What Is Beautiful”
Goodman, J. R., & Rhee, E. S. (2014) · Visual Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/15551393.2014.892779 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Vote, ovocytes et cosmétiques. Les trois jalons identitaires du recours au genre dans la recherche sur les cellules souches en Californie
Thompson, C., & Sofio, S. (2014) · Cahiers du Genre · doi:10.3917/cdge.056.0105 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Thinking Outside the Medicine Cabinet: A Comparative Content Analysis of Direct-to-Consumer Advertisements for Prescription Drug Treatments
Mckeever, R. J. (2014) · Health Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07359683.2014.966007 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lifestyles are risky, too: the social construction of risk and empowerment in prescription drug direct-to-consumer advertisements
Adams, C., & Harder, B. M. (2019) · Health Risk & Society · doi:10.1080/13698575.2019.1601684 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Information vs attractiveness cues in advertisements: OTC drugs in India and USA
Kansal, P. (2013) · Journal of Asia Business Studies · doi:10.1108/15587891311319431 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Prescription drug brand Web sites: Guidance where none exists
Glinert, L. (2010) · INNOVATIONS in pharmacy · doi:10.24926/iip.v1i1.191 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Electronic direct-to-consumer advertising of pharmaceuticals: an assessment of textual and visual content of websites
Alkazemi, M. F., & Stee, S. K. V. (2020) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyaa004 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Content Analysis of Television Advertising for Drugs That Switch From Prescription to Over-the-Counter: Balancing Information and Appeals
Faerber, A. E., & Kreling, D. H. (2012) · Drug Information Journal · doi:10.1177/0092861512438765 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Harnessing the Power of Focal Points to Measure Social AgreementPreprint
Engle‐Warnick, J., & Soroka, S. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1504204 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Comparative and inducement appeals Rx by drug class
Good, M. C. (2022) · International Journal of Healthcare Management · doi:10.1080/20479700.2022.2112447 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Role of Motives and Decision Rules in Restaurant Tipping
Hiler, J. L. (2015) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.2036 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Boon and Bane of Covert Advertising
Dan, V., & Mahlmeister, S. (2023) · European Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.47368/ejhc.2023.306 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Patients as Consumers: The Influence of DTCA and "Becoming Little Doctors."
Hood, K. M. (2009) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Présence multi-sites d'un annonceur sur Internet : identification de catégories de sites web suivant la pertinence de leurs contenus
Agrebi, M. (2013) · Management & Avenir · doi:10.3917/mav.062.0052 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chapter 15. Argumentative insights for the analysis of direct-to-consumer advertising
Mohammed, D., & Schulz, P. J. (2012) · Argumentation in context · doi:10.1075/aic.4.15moh · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Effects of Risk Disclosure in Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising (DTCA): Prominence, DTCA Regulatory Knowledge, and Perceived Attention
Ju, I. (2014) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Effects of Message Quantification: The Modearing Role of Numeracy
Ju, I. (2012)
STIGMA REDUCING COMPONENTS OF DIRECT-TO-CONSUMER ADVERTISING: THEORY-DRIVEN CONTENT ANALYSIS OF PRINT DIRECT- TO-CONSUMER ADVERTISING
Kang, H. (2009) · K-State Research Exchange (Kansas State University)
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGIATE MARKETING EDUCATORS HOUSTON, TX
Joonas, K., Thach, S. V., Lukošius, V., Mouri, N., Emmett, D. C., Marshall, K. P., Scott, R., & Nataranjan, V. S. (2011)
Visual spokespersons and the localisation vs. globalisation of visual elements in communication through narrative images online - An analysis of global and localised websites of multinational pharmaceutical companies
Halttunen, H. (2013) · Aaltodoc (Aalto University)
Methods and Issues for Research in Virtual Communities
Pace, S. (2009) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1.ch124
A macromarketing analysis of prescription drugs in the U.S.
Wymer, W. (2008)
Financial Inducements: Growth in DTC Magazine Advertisements
Good, M. C. (2020) · Services Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/15332969.2020.1786242
2016 AAPP Monograph Series: African American Professors Program
McFadden, J., Bevel, M., Adams, S. A., Heiney, S. P., Brandt, H. M., Worth, M. D., Hurley, T., Kahn, S., Johnson, H., Wineglass, C. M., et al. (2016) · Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)
Bibliography
Evans, W. H. (2004) · Health Communication · doi:10.1207/s15327027hc1604_7
An Information Privacy Examination of the Practices of Pharmaceutical Companies Regarding Use of Information Collected Through Their Websites
Brown, S. D. (2015) · NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University)
Content analysis of illegal online advertisements for hypertension-related drugs and supplements in Taiwan
Chiu, P.-T., Peng, C.-Y., & Chang, Y.-J. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-27028-6
Effets des caractéristiques des cadeaux promotionnels, offerts par les entreprises du médicament, sur les prescriptions des médecins : le rôle médiateur de la réactance situationnelle : le cas du Liban
Gemayel, Y. (2016) · doi:10.70675/3ad3227fze104z4751zb04fz94a566e125a3

Authors: Macias, W., & Lewis, L. S.
Affiliations: University of Georgia (US)
ORCID: Macias, Wendy
Venue: Journal of Advertising
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2003-12
Volume: 32
Issue: 4
Pages: 43-56
ISSN: 0091-3367 (ISSN-L)
1557-7805
DOI: 10.1080/00913367.2003.10639147
OpenAlex: W2094430492
Cited by: 98
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 2.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Advertising (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Marketing and Advertising Strategies
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Health, Technology, Consumer Behavior
Keywords: direct-to-consumer advertising, prescription drug advertising, financial incentives, medical information, drug information, FDA guidance, public policy implications, health communication

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A content analysis of direct-to-consumer (DTC) prescription drug Web sites

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks