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Cited by 894

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

From bi-racial to tri-racial: Towards a new system of racial stratification in the USA

Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo·2004·Ethnic and Racial Studies

Abstract

In this article I argue that the bi-racial order (white vs non-white) typical of the United States is undergoing a profound transformation. Because of drastic changes in the demography of the nation as well as changes in the racial structure of the world-system, the United States is developing a complex, Latin America-like racial order. Specifically, I suggest that the new order will have two central features: three loosely organized racial strata (white, honorary white, and the collective black) and a pigmentocratic logic. I examine some objective, subjective, and social interaction indicators to assess if the Latin Americanization thesis holds some water. Although more refined data are needed to conclusively make my case, the available indicators support my thesis. I conclude this article by outlining some of the potential implications of Latin Americanization for the future of race relations in the United States.

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Metadata

Authors
Bonilla-Silva, E.
Venue
Ethnic and Racial Studies
Published
2004-11
Volume
27
Issue
6
Pages
931-950
ISSN
  • 0141-9870 (ISSN-L)
  • 1466-4356
OpenAlex
W2022543044
Cited by
894
References
54
FWCI
19.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: From bi-racial to tri-racial: Towards a new system of racial stratification in the USA. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/0141987042000268530
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Bonilla-Silva, E. (2004). From bi-racial to tri-racial: Towards a new system of racial stratification in the USA. Ethnic and Racial Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/0141987042000268530

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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.