Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,087

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Masculinity and nationalism: gender and sexuality in the making of nations

Nagel, Joane·1998·Ethnic and Racial Studies
DOI 10.1080/014198798330007
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This article explores the intimate historical and modern connection between manhood and nationhood: through the construction of patriotic manhood and exalted motherhood as icons of nationalist ideology; through the designation of gendered 'places' for men and women in national politics; through the domination of masculine interests and ideology in nationalist movements; through the interplay between masculine microcultures and nationalist ideology; through sexualized militarism including the construction of simultaneously over-sexed and under-sexed 'enemy' men (rapists and wimps) and promiscuous 'enemy' women (sluts and whores). Three 'puzzles' are partially solved by exposing the connection between masculinity and nationalism: why are many men so desperate to defend masculine, monoracial, and heterosexual institutional preserves, such as military organizations and academies; why do men go to war; and the 'gender gap', that is, why do men and women appear to have very different goals and agendas for the 'nation?'

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/014198798330007

Cites

4 of 4 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 4 references

Research works printed but not linked: 91

  1. ADAMS, MICHAEL C. C. 1990 The Great Adventure: Male Desire and the Coming of World War L Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press
  2. ALVAREZ, SONIA E. 1990 Engendering Democracy in Brazil: Women's Movements in Transition Politics, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press · DOI
  3. ANTHIAS, FLOYA and YUVAL-DAVIS, NIRA 1992 Racial Boundaries: Race, Nation, Gender, Colour and Class and the Anti-Racist Struggle, London: Routledge
  4. BERBERI, YUSRA 1993 'Active in politics and women's affairs in Gaza', in E. Augustin (ed.), Palestinian Women: Identity and Experience, London: Zed Books, pp. 43-54
  5. BOULDING, ELISE 1977 Women in the Twentieth Century World, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications
  6. CAESAR, JULIUS 1951 The Conquest of Gaul, Baltimore, MD: Penguin
  7. CARNES, MARK C. 1989 Secret Ritual and Manhood in Victorian America, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
  8. - 1990 'Middle-class men and the solace of fraternal ritual', in M. Carnes and C. Griffen (eds), Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 37-66
  9. CHODOROW, NANCY 1978 The Reproduction of Mothering, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press · DOI · Paper page
  10. COHEN, ANTHONY 1985 The Symbolic Construction of Community, New York: Tavistock · DOI · Paper page
  11. - 1993 'Wars, wimps, and women: talking gender and thinking war', in M. Cooke and A. Woollacott (eds), Gendering War Talk, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 227-46
  12. CONNELL, ROBERT W. 1987 Gender and Power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
  13. - 1995 Masculinities, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
  14. DAVIS, KATHY, LIEJENAAR, MONIQUE and OLDERSMA, JANTINE 1991 The Gender of Power, Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications
  15. DEUTSCH, KARL 1966 Nationalism and Social Communication, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
  16. EDGERTON, LYNDA 1987 'Public protest, domestic acquiescence: women in Northern Ireland', in R. Ridd and H. Callaway (eds), Women and Political Conflict, New York: New York University Press, pp. 61-83 · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-18380-7_4
  17. EISENSTADT, SAMUEL N. and ROKKAN, STEIN 1973 Building States and Nations, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage · doi:10.1177/000276427301600503
  18. EISENSTEIN, HESTER 1985 'The gender of bureaucracy: reflections on feminism and the state', in J. Goodnow and C. Pateman (eds), Women: Social Science and Public Policy, Sydney, Australia: Allen and Unwin, pp. 104-15 · doi:10.4324/9781003519850-6
  19. EL-SOHL, CAMILLA FAWZI and MABRO, JUDY 1994 'Introduction: Islam and Muslim women', in C. F. El-Solh and J. Mabro (eds), Muslim Women's Choices: Religious Belief and Social Reality, Providence, RI: Berg Publishers, pp. 1-32 · doi:10.4324/9781003135166-1
  20. - 1993 The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
  21. ESPIRITU, YEN 1996 Asian American Women and Men: Labor, Laws, and Love, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
  22. FRANZWAY, SUZANNE, COURT, DIANNE and CONNELL, R. W. 1989 Staking a Claim: Feminism, Bureaucracy, and the State, Cambridge: Polity Press
  23. FREUD, SIGMUND 1923 'The Ego and the Id', The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 21, London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psychoanalysis
  24. GAITSKELL, DEBORAH and UNTERHALTER, ELAINE 1989 'Mothers of the nation: a comparative analysis of nation, race, and motherhood in Afrikaner Nationalism and the African National Congress', in N. Yuval-Davis and F. Anthias (eds), Woman-Nation-State, New York: St Martin's Press, pp. 58-78 · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-19865-8_4
  25. GELLNER, ERNEST 1983 Nations and Nationalism, Oxford: Blackwell
  26. GERTH, H.H. and MILLS, C. WRIGHT 1948 From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
  27. GILMORE, DAVID D. 1980 Manhood in the Making: Cultural Concepts of Masculinity, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
  28. GRANT, JUDITH and TANCRED, PETA 1992 'A feminist perspective on state bureaucracy', in A.J. Mills and P. Tancred (eds), Gendering Organizational Analysis, Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 112-28
  29. GREEN, MARTIN 1993 The Adventurous Male: Chapters in the History of the White Male Mind, University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press
  30. GURR, TED 1970 Why Men Rebel, Princeton, N J: Princeton University Press
  31. HASAN, ZOYA 1994 'Introduction: contextualising gender and identity in contemporary India', in Z. Hasan (ed.), Forging Identities: Gender, Communities and State in India, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. viii-xxiv
  32. - 1992 Men in the Public Eye: The Construction and Deconstruction of Public Men and Public Patriarchies, London: Routledge
  33. HELIE-LUCAS, MARIE-AIMEE 1988 'The role of women during the Algerian liberation struggle and after: nationalism as a concept and as a practice towards both the power of the army and the militarization of the people', in T. E. Isaksson (ed.), Women and the Military System, New York: St Martin's Press, pp. 171-89
  34. HERNES, HELGA M. 1987 Welfare State and Woman Power: Essays in State Feminism, New York: Oxford University Press
  35. HOBSBAWM, ERIC 1990 Nations and Nationalism since 1780, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  36. HOBSBAWM, ERIC, and RANGER, TERENCE 1983 The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  37. HOGANSON, KRISTIN 1995 'The manly ideals of politics and the imperialist impulse: gender, U.S. political culture and the Spanish-American Wars', PhD dissertation, Yale University
  38. HORROCKS, ROGER 1994 Masculinity in Crisis: Myths, Fantasies, and Realities, New York: St Martin's Press · doi:10.1057/9780230372801
  39. KANDIYOTI, DENIZ 1991 Women, Islam, and the State, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press · DOI · Paper page
  40. KAPLAN, TEMMA 1982 'Female consciousness and collective action: the case of Barcelona, 1910-1918', Signs, vol. 7, pp. 545-66 · DOI · Paper page
  41. KOONZ, CLAUDIA 1987 Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family, and Nazi Politics, New York: St Martin's Press
  42. KOVEN, SETH 1991 'From rough lads to hooligans: boy life, national culture, and social reform', in A. Parker, M. Russo, D. Sommer, and P. Yaeger (eds), Nationalisms and Sexualities, New York: Routledge, pp. 365-91
  43. LAYOUN, MARY 1991 'Telling spaces: Palestinian women and the engendering of national narratives', in A. Parker, M. Russo, D. Sommer, and P. Yaeger (eds), Nationalisms and Sexualities, New York: Routledge, pp. 407-23
  44. LEVERENZ, DAVID 1989 Manhood and the American Renaissance, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
  45. LIEVESLEY, GERALDINE 1996 'Stages of growth? women dealing with the state and each other in Peru', in S. M. Rai and G. Lievesley (eds), Woman and the State: International Perspectives, London: Taylor and Francis, pp. 45-60
  46. MACALOON, JOHN J. 1981 This Great Symbol: Pierre de Coubertin and the Origins of the Modern Olympic Games, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
  47. MACKENZIE, JOHN M. 1987 'The imperial pioneer and hunter and the British masculine stereotype in late Victorian and Edwardian times', in J. A. Mangan and J. Walvin (eds), Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 176-98
  48. MAKHLOUF, CARLA 1979 Changing Veils: Women and Modernisation in North Yemen, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press
  49. MANASTRA, NAJAH 1993 'Palestinian women: between tradition and revolution', in E. Augustin (ed.), Palestinian Women: Identity and Experience, London: Zed Books, pp. 7-21
  50. - 1995 Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest, London: Routledge
  51. MCCLEOD, ARLENE E. 1991 Accommodating Protest: Working Women, the New Veiling, and Change in Cairo, New York: Columbia University Press
  52. MEHDID, MALIKA 1996 'En-gendering the nation-state: woman, patriarchy and politics in Algeria', in S. M. Rai and G. Lievesley (eds), Woman and the State: International Perspectives, London: Taylor and Francis, pp. 78-102
  53. MERNISSI, FATIMA 1987 Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Modern Islamic Societies, Bloomington, IN: University of Indiana Press
  54. MESSNER, MICHAEL A. 1997 Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
  55. MOGHADAM, VALENTINE M. 1991a 'Neo-patriarchy in the Middle East', in H. Bresheeth and N. Yuval (eds), The Gulf War and the New World Order, London: Zed Books, pp. 199-210
  56. MOORE, BARRINGTON, JR 1966 The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World, Boston, MA: Beacon Press
  57. MORGAN, DAVID 1992 Discovering Men, London: Routledge
  58. MOSSE, GEORGE L. 1985 Nationalism and Sexuality: Middle-Class Morality and Sexual Norms in Modern Europe, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press
  59. - 1990 Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars, New York: Oxford University Press
  60. - 1996 The Image of Man: The Creation of Modern Masculinity, New York: Oxford University Press
  61. MUKARKER, FATEN 1993 'Life between Palestine and Germany: two cultures, two lives', in E. Augustin (ed.), Palestinian Women: Identity and Experience, London: Zed Books, pp. 93-107
  62. NAGEL, JOANE 1996 American Indian Ethnic Renewal: Red Power and the Resurgence of Identity and Culture, New York: Oxford University Press · DOI · Paper page
  63. NATEGH, HOMA 1987 'Women: damned of the Iranian Revolution', in R. Ridd and H. Callaway, Women and Political Conflict, New York: New York University Press, pp. 45-60 · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-18380-7_3
  64. NYE, ROBERT A. 1993 Masculinity and Male Codes of Honour in Modern France, New York: Oxford University Press · DOI · Paper page
  65. PATEMAN, CAROLE 1989 The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism and Political Theory, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
  66. PFEIL, FRED 1994 'No Basta Teorizar: in-difference to solidarity in contemporary fiction, theory, and practice', in Scattered Hegemonies: Postmodernity and Transnational Feminist Practices, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 197-230
  67. RIDD, ROSEMARY 1987 'Powers of the powerless', in R. Ridd and H. Callaway, Women and Political Conflict, New York: New York University Press, pp. 1-24 · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-18380-7_1
  68. ROSENBERG, CHARLES 1980 'Sexuality, class and role in 19th-century America', in E. Pleck and J.H. Pleck (eds), The American Man, Englewood Cliffs, N J: Prentice-Hall, pp. 219-54
  69. ROTUNDO, ANTHONY 1987 'Learning about manhood: gender ideals and the middle-class family in nineteenth-century America', in J. A. Mangan and J. Walvin (eds), Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 35-51
  70. RUPP, LEILA J. and TAYLOR, VERTA 1987 Survival in the Doldrums: The American Women's Rights Movement, 1945 to the 1960s, New York: Oxford University Press
  71. SALAS, ELIZABETH 1994 'The Soldadera in the Mexican Revolution: war and men's illusions', in H. Fowler-Salamini and M. K. Vaughan (eds), Women of the Mexican Countryside, 1850-1990, Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, pp. 93-105 · doi:10.2307/j.ctv2bks5dp.10
  72. SAUNDERS, KAY 1995 'In a cloud of lust: black GIs and sex in World War II', in J. Damousi and M. Lake (eds), Gender and War: Australians at War in the Twentieth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 178-90
  73. SAYIGH, ROSEMARY and PETEET, JULIE 1987 'Between two fires: Palestinian women in Lebanon', in R. Ridd and H. Callaway, Women and Political Conflict, New York: New York University Press, pp. 106-37 · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-18380-7_6
  74. SCHWALBE, MICHAEL 1995 Unlocking the Iron Cage: A Critical Appreciation of Mythopoetic Men's Work, New York: Oxford University Press
  75. SCOTT, JAMES 1985 Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
  76. SETON-WATSON, HUGH 1977 From Nations to States, Boulder, CO: Westview Press
  77. SILBER, NINA 1993 The Romance of Reunion: Northerners and the South, 1886-1900, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press
  78. SINHA, MRINALIN11995 Colonial Masculinity: The 'Manly Englishman' and the 'Effeminate Bengali' in the Late Nineteenth Century, Manchester: Manchester University Press
  79. - 1992 Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the US, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
  80. SPRINGHALL, JOHN 1987 'Building character in the British boy: the attempt to extend Christian manliness to working-class adolescents, 1880-1940', in J. A. Mangan and J. Walvin (eds), Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 52-74
  81. STURDEVANT, SAUNDRA P. and STOLTZFUS, BRENDA 1992 Let the Good Times Roll: Prostitution and the US Military in Asia, New York: The New Press
  82. THEWELEIT, KLAUS 1987 Male Fantasies, Vol. 1, translated by Stephen Conway, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press
  83. TOHIDI, NEYEREH 1991 'Gender and Islamic fundamentalism: feminist politics in Iran', in C. T. Mohanty, A. Russo and L. Tortes (eds), Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, pp. 251-65
  84. URDANG, STEPHANIE 1989 And Still They Dance: Women, War and the Struggle for Change in Mozambique, New York: Monthly Review Press
  85. WALBY, SILVIA 1989 'Woman and nation', in A. D. Smith (ed.), Ethnicity and Nationalism, New York: E.J. Brill, pp. 81-99 · doi:10.1163/9789004474871_007
  86. WALVIN, JAMES 1987 'Symbols of moral superiority: slavery, sport and the changing world order, 1900-1940', in J. A. Mangan and J. Walvin (eds), Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 242-60
  87. WARREN, ALLEN 1986 'Citizens of the Empire, Baden-Powell, Scouts, Guides, and an imperial ideal', in J. M. MacKenzie (ed.), Imperialism and Popular Culture, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 232-56
  88. WAYLEN, GEORGINA 1996 'Democratization, feminism, and the state in Chile: the establishment of SERNAM', in S. M. Rai and G. Lievesley (eds), Woman and the State: International Perspectives, London: Taylor and Francis, pp. 103-17
  89. WITT, LINDA, PAGET, KAREN M. and MATTHEWS, GLENDA 1994 Running as a Woman: Gender and Power in American Politics, New York: Free Press
  90. YOUNG, CRAWFORD 1993 The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-State at Bay, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press
  91. YUVAL-DAVIS, NIRA and ANTHIAS, FLOYA 1989 Woman-Nation-State, London: Macmillan · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-19865-8_1

Cited by

See all 1,087

Metadata

Authors
Nagel, J.
Venue
Ethnic and Racial Studies
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
1998-01
Volume
21
Issue
2
Pages
242-269
ISSN
  • 0141-9870 (ISSN-L)
  • 1466-4356
DOI
10.1080/014198798330007
OpenAlex
W2100996341
Cited by
1,087
References
4
FWCI
19.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Masculinity and nationalism: gender and sexuality in the making of nations. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/014198798330007
The paper
Nagel, J. (1998). Masculinity and nationalism: gender and sexuality in the making of nations. Ethnic and Racial Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198798330007

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.