The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
American or British? L2 speakers’ recognition and evaluations of accent features in English
Open accessAbstract
Recent language attitude research has attended to the processes involved in identifying and evaluating spoken language varieties. This article investigates the ability of second-language learners of English in Spain (N = 71) to identify Received Pronunciation (RP) and General American (GenAm) speech and their perceptions of linguistic variation between these speech varieties. Data were gathered using a verbal-guise experiment in which respondents identified speakers’ places of origin and stated the reasons for their categorisations. Quantitative data analysis demonstrated high recognition rates for RP speakers, more often correctly identified than GenAm speakers. Qualitative data analysis showed that respondents’ knowledge of phonological variation informed the identification process and they often stated which linguistic features formed part of their mental representations of RP and GenAm. Additional resources informed accent recognition, including perceived linguistic quality, intelligibility, familiarity, and cultural associations. Patterns of misidentification revealed that, when GenAm was inaccurately identified as RP, it was ascribed high status. The findings provide an insight into the strategies, conceptual frameworks, and linguistic features which inform the accent identification process as performed by English-language learners in Spain. The results also highlight the usefulness of variety recognition items in interpreting attitudinal evaluations, especially with regard to patterns of misidentification.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“There is some research among English language learners to suggest that they prefer ' native-speaker ' models (e.g. Timmis, 2002; Carrie & McKenzie, 2018) by which they tend to mean models from ' Inner Circle ' speakers (and a preference for British English in particular).”
From The Global ELT coursebook: A case of Cinderella's slipper? (2022) · cites this paper as Carrie & McKenzie, 2018
In the citing paper
“some language attitude research ' has [ … ] shown RP [ … ] to be the prestige variety amongst learners ' (2018, p. 322).”
From The Global ELT coursebook: A case of Cinderella's slipper? (2022) · cites this paper as Carrie and McKenzie, 2018
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(1988) · Cited by 6,825
Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life
Silverstein, M. C. (2003) · Language & Communication · doi:10.1016/s0271-5309(03)00013-2 · Cited by 3,737
Darnell, R. (1975) · Language · doi:10.2307/412715 · Cited by 2,514
English with an Accent: Language, ideology, and discrimination in the United States
Lippi-Green, R. L. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203348802 · Cited by 1,431
Garrett, P. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511844713 · Cited by 1,073
The Effect of Social Information on the Perception of Sociolinguistic Variables
Niedzielski, N. A. (1999) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x99018001005 · Cited by 684
Investigating Language Attitudes: Social Meanings of Dialect, Ethnicity and Performance
Garrett, P., Williams, A., & Coupland, N. (2003) · Cited by 530
Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology
(1999) · John Benjamins Publishing Company eBooks · doi:10.1075/z.hpd1 · Cited by 472
Ideologised values for British accents1
Coupland, N., & Bishop, H. (2007) · Journal of Sociolinguistics · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2007.00311.x · Cited by 387
Munro, M. J., & Derwing, T. M. (2001) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263101004016 · Cited by 362
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Gould P., 1986, Mental Maps
- Janicka K., 2008, English Pronunciation Models: A Changing Scene, 251
- Kövecses Z., 2000, American English: An Introduction
- Labov W., 1972, Sociolinguistic Patterns
- Walker R., 1999, Speak Out!, 24, 25
Cited by
The Global ELT coursebook: A case of Cinderella's slipper?
Mishan, F. (2022) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444820000646 · Cited by 60
“Indeed, as Carrie and McKenzie point out, some language attitude research ‘has […] shown RP […] to be the prestige variety amongst learners’ (2018, p. 322).”
BackgroundMetapragmatic comments and orthographic performances of a New York accent on YouTube
Cutler, C. (2019) · World Englishes · doi:10.1111/weng.12444 · Cited by 27
Socio-psychological salience and categorisation accuracy of speaker place of origin
McKenzie, R. M., Huang, M., Ong, T. T., & Snodin, N. (2019) · Lingua · doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2019.06.006 · Cited by 19
Self-citationCole, A. (2021) · Journal of Linguistic Geography · doi:10.1017/jlg.2021.2 · Cited by 10
English as a lingua franca in Europe: The identification of L1 and L2 accents
Kristiansen, G., Zenner, E., & Geeraerts, D. (2018) · Review of Cognitive Linguistics · doi:10.1075/rcl.00019.kri · Cited by 8
Distribution of sentence length of English complex sentences
Liu, H., Yang, N., & Liu, H. (2024) · Moderna Språk · doi:10.58221/mosp.v118i3.15574 · Cited by 9
Language and identity in the Cockney Diaspora: A sociophonetic and variationist study
Cole, A. (2021) · Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) · Cited by 6
Rotter, C. E. (2019) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2019.1568443 · Cited by 6
Ideology, Indexicality, and the L2 Development of Sociolinguistic Perception During Study Abroad
Grammon, D. (2024) · L2 Journal · doi:10.5070/l2.6573 · Cited by 4
Language attitudes and L2 pronunciation
Roberts, G. (2020) · English Text Construction · doi:10.1075/etc.00040.rob · Cited by 4
Fasoli, F., Dragojević, M., & Rakić, T. (2023) · Psychology of Language and Communication · doi:10.58734/plc-2023-0004 · Cited by 5
Pérez-Arredondo, C., Calderón-López, M., & Arenas-Torres, F. (2024) · Revista Brasileira de Lingüística Aplicada · doi:10.1590/1984-6398202422142 · Cited by 5
EXPLORING EFL STUDENTS’ AWARENESS OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AMERICAN AND BRITISH VARIETIES
Obos, A. I., Susilo, S., & Ping, M. T. (2022) · Lingua · doi:10.34005/lingua.v18i2.2123 · Cited by 4
McInerney, E. (2020) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2020.1804393 · Cited by 3
Examining language and racial attitudes in an L2 French learning context
Bouchard, M.-È. (2023) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2023.2298690 · Cited by 3
Weisi, H., Raygan, A., & Bakhtiari, F. (2019) · IJET (Indonesian Journal of English Teaching) · doi:10.15642/ijet2.2019.8.1.9-22 · Cited by 3
Syrett, K., Lu, J., & Parrish, K. (2024) · Glossa Psycholinguistics · doi:10.5070/g60111672 · Cited by 2
A Study of Parental Attitudes to Teacher Pronunciation in Very Early English
Bozsó, R., & Nagy, J. (2018) · Acta Universtitatis Sapientiae. Philologica · doi:10.2478/ausp-2018-0011 · Cited by 2
Visualization Vibes: The Socio-Indexical Function of Visualization Design
Morgenstern, M., Fox, A. R., Jones, G. M., & Satyanarayan, A. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2025.3634814 · Cited by 2
Cole, A. (2020) · Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) · Cited by 2
The situation of English speaker’s place of origin depending on Chinese dialects
Wang, M. (2021) · Dialectologia et Geolinguistica · doi:10.1515/dialect-2021-0009 · Cited by 1
English-language attitudes and identities in Spain
Carrie, E. (2021) · Pragmatics & beyond. New series · doi:10.1075/pbns.327.07car
Self-citationDarquennes, J., Kaderka, P., Kellermeier-Rehbein, B., Pärn, H., Zamora, F., Sandoy, H., Ledegen, G., Goutsos, D., Archakis, A., Skelin-Horvath, A., et al. (2019) · Sociolinguistica - International Yearbook of European Sociolinguistics / Internationales Jahrbuch für europäische Soziolinguistik · doi:10.1515/soci-2019-0011
Native Danish listeners’ evaluation of English accents
Vesterlund, S. G., & Bohn, O. (2022) · Globe A Journal of Language Culture and Communication · doi:10.54337/ojs.globe.v14i.7529
Zhao, G. (2023) · International Journal of New Developments in Education · doi:10.25236/ijnde.2023.051309
Bottom-Up Approach of Teacher’s Best Practice to Avoid Student’s Perplexity in Listening
Herlina, R. (2023) · TLEMC (Teaching and Learning English in Multicultural Contexts) · doi:10.37058/tlemc.v7i1.3609
A Survey on Language Attitudes of Mianzhu Locals toward Mianzhu Dialect and Mandarin
Zhong, W., Li, L., & Zhang, L. (2023) · Journal of Humanities Arts and Social Science · doi:10.26855/jhass.2023.07.041
Rachmawati, I. (2023) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/978-2-38476-152-4_5
Qadir, S. M., Bayz, S. H., & Husen, S. (2023) · International Journal of Social Sciences and Educational Studies · doi:10.23918/ijsses.v10i4p25
Rethinking Questionnaire Design to Enhance Data Quality
Ambele, E. A., Nuemaihom, A., & Enyiawah, B. A. (2024) · Advances in library and information science (ALIS) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1135-6.ch001
Chan, K. L. R., & Liu, J. (2024) · Advances in library and information science (ALIS) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1135-6.ch006
Pashmforoosh, R. (2024) · Springer handbooks in languages and linguistics. · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-1818-4_3-1
Hungarian EFL Learners’ Language Attitudes
Püski, G. (2024) · AMERICANA E-journal of American Studies in Hungary · doi:10.14232/americana.2024.2.29-44
Pashmforoosh, R. (2025) · Springer handbooks in languages and linguistics. · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-1818-4_3-2
Listening for Region: Phonetic Cue Sensitivity and Sociolinguistic Development in L2 Spanish
Schmidt, L. B. (2025) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages10080198
Pashmforoosh, R. (2025) · Springer handbooks in languages and linguistics. · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-4317-2_3
Tran, T. M. T. (2026) · Asian Englishes · doi:10.1080/13488678.2026.2677261
Metadata
- Authors
- Carrie, E., & McKenzie, R. M.
- Affiliations
- Manchester Metropolitan University (GB)
- Northumbria University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Carrie, Erin
- Venue
- Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-10-20
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 313-328
- ISSN
- 0143-4632 (ISSN-L)
- 1747-7557
- OpenAlex
- W2766449084
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 9.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- e-space.mmu.ac.uk
- Locations
- Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (publishedVersion)
- Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) (acceptedVersion)
- e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Linguistic Variation and Morphology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Linguistic and Sociocultural Studies
- Keywords
- accent recognition, Received Pronunciation, General American, language attitudes, misidentification, language variation, phonological variation, speaker identification, language status, English as a foreign language
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review