The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Chinese mindset: theories of intelligence, goal orientation and academic achievement in Hong Kong students
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between theories of intelligence and goal orientations, and their joint connections to students’ academic achievement in the Chinese cultural context. A total of 418 university students in Hong Kong participated in the present study. The survey was administered to collect information on students’ beliefs about their goal orientations, theories of intelligence and their college grade point averages. The data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results suggest that beliefs in the incremental theory of intelligence contribute to students’ academic achievements by facilitating their endorsement of mastery goals and performance-approach goals. Students’ performance-avoidance goals have a negative association with academic success. Cultural factors and considerations are addressed to clarify further the culture-specific findings.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Chen and Wong (2015) also found that Chinese students assigned different meanings to performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals than what is usually found in Western populations.”
From Motivation-Achievement Cycles in Learning: a Literature Review and Research Agenda (2022) · cites this paper as Chen & Wong, 2015
Citations
Cites
A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality.
Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.95.2.256 · Cited by 9,745
(1999) · Cited by 6,308
Handbook of Competence and Motivation
Elliot, A. J., & Dweck, C. S. (2013) · Cited by 4,671
A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation.
Elliot, A. J., & Church, M. A. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.218 · Cited by 3,955
A 2 × 2 achievement goal framework.
Elliot, A. J., & McGregor, H. A. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.80.3.501 · Cited by 3,953
Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x · Cited by 3,784
Approach and avoidance motivation and achievement goals
Elliot, A. J. (1999) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3403_3 · Cited by 3,103
Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A mediational analysis.
Elliot, A. J., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.461 · Cited by 2,666
Parental Involvement and Students' Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis
Fan, X., & Chen, M. (2001) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1009048817385 · Cited by 2,648
Individualism-collectivism and personality
Triandis, H. C. (2001) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.696169 · Cited by 2,589
Research works printed but not linked: 15
- Arbuckle J. L., 2008, Amos (Version 17.0) [Computer program]
- 10.1111/cdev.2007.78.issue-1 · DOI
- Dweck C. S., 2006, Mindset
- 10.1037/0022-3514.80.3.501 · DOI · Paper page
- Harackiewicz J. M., 1991, Advances in motivation and achievement, 7, 21
- Hau K.-T., 1996, Growing up the Chinese way: Chinese child and adolescent development, 121
- Ho D. F., 1981, Acta Psychologica Taiwanica, 23, 81
- 10.1111/bjep.2008.78.issue-2 · DOI
- Mordkowitz E. R., 1987, The Quarterly Newsletter of the Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition, 9, 85
- Muller C. M., 1997, Implicit theories of intelligence: Malleability beliefs, definitions, and judgments of intelligence
- Robins R. W., 1998, Implicit self-theories of ability in the academic domain: A test of Dweck’s model
- 10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6807 · DOI
- 10.1086/esj.2005.106.issue-1 · DOI
- Stone J., 1998, Theories of intelligence and the meaning of achievement goals
- Tao V., 2000, Journal of Psychology in Chinese Societies, 1, 13
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Implicit Theories of Intelligence and Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analytic Review
Costa, A., & Faria, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00829 · Cited by 400
Motivation-Achievement Cycles in Learning: a Literature Review and Research Agenda
Vu, T., Magis-Weinberg, L., Jansen, B. R. J., van Atteveldt, N., Janssen, T. W. P., Lee, N. C., van der Maas, H. L. J., Raijmakers, M. E. J., Sachisthal, M. S. M., & Meeter, M. (2022) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-021-09616-7 · Cited by 224
Bai, B., Wang, J., & Nie, Y. (2020) · Cambridge Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/0305764x.2020.1778639 · Cited by 177
Thanks, but no-thanks for the feedback
Forsythe, A., & Johnson, S. (2016) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2016.1202190 · Cited by 133
Chen, W. (2014) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.11.021 · Cited by 93
Self-citationJiang, Y. H., Zhang, J., Ming, H., Huang, S., & Lin, D. (2019) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.05.005 · Cited by 78
The Influence of Student Engagement on Mathematical Achievement among Secondary School Students
Maamin, M., Maat, S. M., & Iksan, Z. H. (2021) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math10010041 · Cited by 64
Guo, M., & Leung, F. (2020) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22424 · Cited by 66
Why I’m Bored in Learning? Exploration of Students’ Academic Motivation
Hidajat, H. G., Hanurawan, F., Prof., U. M. P. D. H. J., Chusniyah, T., Dr., U. P. G., Rahmawati, H., & Dr., U. P. G. (2020) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2020.1339a · Cited by 57
Yan, Z., King, R. B., & Haw, J. Y. (2021) · Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice · doi:10.1080/0969594x.2021.1988510 · Cited by 78
Capability, belonging and equity in higher education: developing inclusive approaches
Burke, P. J. (2016) · Figshare · Cited by 55
What contributes to individual innovativeness? A multilevel perspective
Aldahdouh, T. Z., Korhonen, V. A., & Nokelainen, P. (2019) · International Journal of Innovation Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijis.2019.06.001 · Cited by 62
The development of grit and growth mindset in Chinese children
Zhang, T., Park, D., Ungar, L., Tsukayama, E., Luo, L., & Duckworth, A. L. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105450 · Cited by 53
Performance Over Enjoyment? Effect of Game-Based Learning on Learning Outcome and Flow Experience
Chan, K., Wan, K., & King, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2021.660376 · Cited by 46
Gao, J. (2019) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-019-09984-1 · Cited by 53
The role of social-academic goals in Chinese students’ self-regulated learning
Wang, J., King, R. B., & Rao, N. (2018) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-018-0404-y · Cited by 50
The relations between filial piety, goal orientations and academic achievement in Hong Kong
Chen, W. (2015) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2015.1008404 · Cited by 43
Self-citationCheong, C. M., Yao, Y., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Assessing Writing · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2023.100785 · Cited by 48
Ståhlberg, J., Tuominen, H., Pulkka, A., & Niemivirta, M. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.07.005 · Cited by 33
Wang, J., & Rao, N. (2020) · Asia Pacific Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/02188791.2020.1812513 · Cited by 33
Qian, Q., & Lau, K. (2022) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/1467-9817.12388 · Cited by 34
Li, P., Zhou, N., Zhang, Y., Xiong, Q., Nie, R., & Fang, X. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01703 · Cited by 35
Cultural Variation in the Effectiveness of Feedback on Students’ Mistakes
Eriksson, K., Lindvall, J., Helenius, O., & Ryve, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03053 · Cited by 30
Zhao, H. M., Zhang, J., Heng, S., & Qi, C. (2021) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100957 · Cited by 36
National differences in mindset among students who plan to be teachers
Asbury, K., Klassen, R. M., Bowyer‐Crane, C., Kyriacou, C., & Nash, P. (2015) · International Journal of School & Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/21683603.2015.1075164 · Cited by 33
Yang, J. C., Chung, C., & Chen, M. (2021) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12622 · Cited by 29
Mok, S. Y., Bakaç, C., & Froehlich, L. (2020) · International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance · doi:10.1007/s10775-020-09447-y · Cited by 31
Cultural differences in mindset beliefs regarding mathematics learning
Dong, L., & Kang, Y. (2022) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101159 · Cited by 35
Pun, J. (2022) · RELC Journal · doi:10.1177/00336882221079057 · Cited by 24
Altikulaç, S., Janssen, T. W. P., Yu, J., Nieuwenhuis, S., & van Atteveldt, N. (2024) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12676 · Cited by 33
Same Mindset, Different Pedagogical Strategies: A Case Study Comparing Chinese and Finnish Teachers
Zhang, J., Kuusisto, E., & Tirri, K. A. (2020) · International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research · doi:10.26803/ijlter.19.2.15 · Cited by 26
Phillipson, S., & Phillipson, S. N. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0836-z · Cited by 22
Growth mindset in Chinese culture: A meta-analysis
Wang, Y., & Sun, X. (2025) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-024-09955-7 · Cited by 22
Incremental intelligence mindset, fear of failure, and academic coping
Tao, V. Y. K., Li, Y., & Wu, A. M. S. (2022) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1177/18344909221144703 · Cited by 24
Chan, N. Y., Wu, W. J., Chan, J. W. Y., Chan, K. C. C., Li, A. M., Chan, S. S. M., Hau, K., & Wing, Y. K. (2023) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.04.001 · Cited by 25
Does growth mindset benefit mental health in Asia? Evidence from Chinese students
Huang, Z., Shi, Y., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1177/18344909221135358 · Cited by 24
Shen, B., Bai, B., Wang, J., & Song, H. (2024) · Cambridge Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/0305764x.2024.2367484 · Cited by 22
Zheng, X., Chen, J., Li, C., Shuping, S., Yu, Q., Xiong, Q., Zhu, F., Zhang, J., & Hu, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00758-5 · Cited by 18
Intelligence mindset in Chinese children: The role of parental praise and autonomy support
Li, K., Zhang, J., Wu, Z., & Zheng, Y. (2023) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2023.101555 · Cited by 18
Shen, J., Zhang, H., & Zheng, J. (2024) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23133 · Cited by 16
Zhou, J., Huebner, E. S., & Tian, L. (2019) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-019-09356-8 · Cited by 16
Innovativeness of Staff in Higher Education - Do Implicit Theories and Goal Orientations Matter?
Aldahdouh, T. Z., Nokelainen, P., & Korhonen, V. A. (2018) · International Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.5430/ijhe.v7n2p43 · Cited by 16
Chen, S., Jiang, Y., Qiu, S., Hu, J., Wang, L., Jiang, Y., & Wang, R. (2024) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-024-00842-5 · Cited by 17
Fixed versus Growth Mindset Does not Seem to Matter Much
Kaijanaho, A.-J., & Tirronen, V. (2018) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/3230977.3230982 · Cited by 15
Social and Emotional Learning and Personal Best Goals in Hong Kong
Wu, G. K. Y., & Mok, M. M. C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3394-0_12 · Cited by 15
Homework goal orientation, interest, and achievement: testing models of reciprocal effects
Xu, J. (2020) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-020-00472-7 · Cited by 19
Liew, T. W., Tan, S.-M., & Kew, S. N. (2022) · Information and Learning Sciences · doi:10.1108/ils-09-2021-0079 · Cited by 13
A Mixed Method Examination of Gender Differences in Perceptions of STEM among Iranian Americans
Folberg, A. M., & Kaboli‐Nejad, S. (2020) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12393 · Cited by 13
Relationship Between Goal Orientation, Conception of Learning, and Learning Behavior
Yokoyama, M., & Miwa, K. (2020) · Cognition and exploratory learning in the digital age · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-48190-2_2 · Cited by 15
Predicting gainful learning in Higher Education; a goal-orientation approach
Forsythe, A., & Jellicoe, M. (2018) · Higher Education Pedagogies · doi:10.1080/23752696.2018.1435298 · Cited by 15
Gao, J., Hodis, F. A., & Tait, C. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111474 · Cited by 12
Zeb, I., Zhang, Y., Fang, S., & Khan, A. (2025) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-09-2024-0473 · Cited by 11
Zhang, J., Liu, Y., & Cheong, C. M. (2024) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-024-00859-w · Cited by 27
Do Different Types of Intelligence and Its Implicit Theories Vary Based on Gender and Grade Level?
Ayoub, A., Aljughaiman, A. M., Alabbasi, A. M. A., & Hamza, E. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.712330 · Cited by 12
Is an online mindset intervention effective in vocational education?
Glerum, J., Loyens, S. M. M., & Rikers, R. M. J. P. (2018) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2018.1552877 · Cited by 13
Ng, T. Y., Ng, T. K., & Siu, O. L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-05960-8 · Cited by 11
Xu, J. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04044-4 · Cited by 8
Meng, L., Qiu, C., Liu, X., & Kong, M. (2023) · Asia Pacific Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/02188791.2023.2233704 · Cited by 13
Chan, C. K. Y., & Luk, L. Y. Y. (2022) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2022.101168 · Cited by 8
The Effect of Goal Orientation on Student Achievement
Güler, M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56083-0_18 · Cited by 7
Dweck's social-cognitive model of achievement motivation in science
Lee, Y., Yue, Y., Perez, T., & Linnenbrink‐Garcia, L. (2024) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102410 · Cited by 10
Ko, J., Leung, C. K., Pun, B. L. F., Wu, J. C., Leung, W., Leung, R. H. W., Lee, H. F., & Ming, W. (2024) · International Journal of Educational Research Open · doi:10.1016/j.ijedro.2024.100391 · Cited by 6
Fang, J., & Brown, G. (2024) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe14010011 · Cited by 6
A psychometric evaluation of online homework goal orientation scale
Xu, J., Du, J., & Wang, C. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00953-4 · Cited by 6
Liu, C., & Huang, J.-H. (2023) · Higher Education Studies · doi:10.5539/hes.v13n4p1 · Cited by 6
Xu, J., Chang, E. C., Novak, C. J., Shen, J., Zheng, S., Wang, Y., Zhou, N., Liu, L., Gregory, A. E., Schaffer, M. R., et al. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01472-6 · Cited by 6
A Class Practice Study of Intervention Effect of Interactive Assessment on Learning Goal Orientation
Yokoyama, M., & Miwa, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.599480 · Cited by 6
Sun, M., Du, J., & Xu, J. (2020) · Technology Pedagogy and Education · doi:10.1080/1475939x.2020.1808523 · Cited by 6
Mofield, E. L., & Peters, M. P. (2022) · Roeper Review · doi:10.1080/02783193.2022.2071368 · Cited by 6
The Relationship between Student Teachers' Perception of Intelligence and Their Goal Orientation
Beyaztaş, D. İ., Kaptı, S. B., & Hymer, B. J. (2017) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2017.050909 · Cited by 6
Kramaley, D. T., & Wishart, J. M. (2019) · Gifted Education International · doi:10.1177/0261429419864272 · Cited by 5
Jia, X., Li, P., Zhao, J., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/01430343231216974 · Cited by 5
Growth mindset in Chinese societies: Introduction to the special issue
Chiu, C., Chan, H., Lee, S.-L., Huang, Z., & Tong, Y. (2024) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1177/18344909241269006 · Cited by 5
College students’ mindsets and second-language academic text reading: an eye-movement study
Jian, Y., Kuo, P.-H., & Chen, T. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07800-4 · Cited by 3
Ti, Y., Yi, C., Wei, J., & Chan, S. (2025) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108436 · Cited by 3
Akpur, U. (2016) · Educational Research and Reviews · doi:10.5897/err2016.2878 · Cited by 4
Exploring the Role of Mindsets in a Sophomore Level Undergraduate Research Course
Zigler, E., Grelson, S., & Hoepner, J. K. (2021) · Teaching and Learning in Communication Sciences & Disorders · doi:10.30707/tlcsd5.1.1624982519.527792 · Cited by 3
Longitudinal relations among expectancy, mastery-approach, effort, and achievement
Xu, J. (2025) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-025-10073-1 · Cited by 2
Conceptualizing Foreign Language Speaking Mindset of Undergraduate Students in an EFL Context
Sukklang, N., & Wilang, J. D. (2025) · PASAA · doi:10.58837/chula.pasaa.70.8 · Cited by 3
Zhou, X.-H., Flett, G. L., Liao, X.-L., Jiang, X.-Y., Yang, X. F., Chen, I., & Malas, O. (2025) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2025.2582708 · Cited by 2
Yu-rong, L., niu, M., & Sun, H. (2025) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.5c00735 · Cited by 2
Lee, W. W. S., & Fong, R. W. (2023) · Positive education · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-5571-8_14 · Cited by 3
Sun, N., & Izadpanah, S. (2025) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125251350213 · Cited by 3
Aydogan, I., & Gelbal, S. (2022) · TED EĞİTİM VE BİLİM · doi:10.15390/eb.2022.9368 · Cited by 2
Dowling, C. B., Smith, C. V., Yin, Y., & Williams, J. M. (2025) · Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning · doi:10.14434/josotl.v25i1.36252 · Cited by 1
Jiao, Y., Bai, B., & Li, J. (2025) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/ijal.12831 · Cited by 5
Growth mindset and achievement goal orientation in high-achieving students
Wichaidit, P. R., Wichaidit, S., & Boonsin, P. (2025) · Journal of Turkish Science Education · doi:10.36681/tused.2025.027 · Cited by 3
Xu, J. (2025) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-025-09449-7 · Cited by 1
Unspeakability in Doctoral Supervision: Exploring Academic Taboos Through Metaphors in South Korea
Lee, K., Kim, H., & Kim, D. (2026) · Higher Education Quarterly · doi:10.1111/hequ.70119 · Cited by 1
Chinese learners' theories of effort, ability, and academic performance
Wang, Y. G., & Sun, X. (2026) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1093/cdpers/aadag009 · Cited by 1
Shamimullah, Ashfaq, M., & Maqbool, A. (2022) · Sir Syed Journal of Education & Social Research (SJESR) · doi:10.36902/sjesr-vol5-iss4-2022(78-84 · Cited by 1
Sun, X., Siu, A. F. Y., Fong, S. Y., & Chu, T. S. F. (2021) · Education 3-13 · doi:10.1080/03004279.2021.1972025 · Cited by 1
Evaluation of Students' Interest, Effort Beliefs, and Self-Efficacy in General Chemistry
Ferrell, B. (2016) · Scholarship & Creative Works - Digital UNC a service of University Libraries (University of Northern Colorado) · Cited by 1
Zou, T. X. P. (2015) · International Journal of Chinese Education · doi:10.1163/22125868-12340051
A Study of Perceptions of Math Mindset, Math Anxiety, and View of Math by Young Adults.
Hocker, T. L. (2017) · ProQuest Demo Repository
Has Critical Thinking Been Fruitfully Married to Group Work in Hong Kong?
Fung, D. C.-L., & Liang, W. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-2411-6_1
Perbedaan Pengaruh Senam Yoga dan Senam Tai Chi Terhadap Penurunan Nyeri Pada Osteoartritis Lutut
Fauziah, M. R. (2020) · Syntax Literate Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia · doi:10.36418/syntax-literate.v5i7.1467
Mehrollahi, T., Nor, M. M., & Danaee, M. (2020) · International Journal of Education Psychology and Counseling · doi:10.35631//ijepc.5370029
Naz, S., Khan, M. I., Shah, S. A., & Qayyum, A. (2021) · Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews · doi:10.18510/hssr.2021.9238
Elhassan, M. O. A., Tharbe, I. H. A., & Muhamad, A. S. (2021) · Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology · doi:10.25115/ejrep.v19i54.3584 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Chen, W.-W., & Wong, Y.-L.
- Affiliations
- University of Macau (MO)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Wei-Wen
- Venue
- Educational Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-03-05
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 714-725
- ISSN
- 0144-3410 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-5820
- OpenAlex
- W2019774710
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 6.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Educational Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Hong Kong Education Bibliographic Database (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Strategies and Epistemologies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Learning Styles and Cognitive Differences
- Keywords
- intelligence theory, incremental theory of intelligence, goal orientation, mastery goals, performance-approach goals, performance-avoidance goals, academic performance, college grade point average, Chinese cultural context, Hong Kong students, student beliefs
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review