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A hierarchical model of leisure constraints
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to modify a conceptualization of leisure constraints offered by Crawford and Godbey (1987). It is suggested that Crawford and Godbey's three discrete models of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints should be recast as a single integrated model in which leisure participants are viewed as having negotiated a sequential, hierarchical series of constraints levels. Three propositions about the nature, operation, and sources of constraints are derived from this model. We further demonstrate how such a process might apply not only to leisure participation and nonparticipation, but also to the understanding of how constraints affect choices (e.g., specialization) among people who are already participating.
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Citations
Cited by
Mouratidis, K. (2021) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2021.103229 · Cited by 873
Lachowycz, K., & Jones, A. P. (2013) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.10.012 · Cited by 518
A systematic review of dropout from organized sport among children and youth
Crane, J., & Temple, V. (2015) · European Physical Education Review · doi:10.1177/1356336x14555294 · Cited by 502
Assessing Hierarchical Leisure Constraints Theory after Two Decades
Godbey, G., Crawford, D. W., & Shen, X. S. (2010) · Journal of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/00222216.2010.11950197 · Cited by 401
Self-citationHung, K., & Petrick, J. F. (2012) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2011.09.007 · Cited by 300
Metadata
- Authors
- Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L., & Godbey, G.
- Venue
- Leisure Sciences
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1991-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 309-320
- ISSN
- 0149-0400 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-0588
- OpenAlex
- W1963931180
- Cited by
- 1,490
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 7.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/01490409109513147
- The paper
- Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L., & Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409109513147
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
