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Randomized Response: A Survey Technique for Eliminating Evasive Answer Bias
Abstract
For various reasons individuals in a sample survey may prefer not to confide to the interviewer the correct answers to certain questions. In such cases the individuals may elect not to reply at all or to reply with incorrect answers. The resulting evasive answer bias is ordinarily difficult to assess. In this paper it is argued that such bias is potentially removable through allowing the interviewee to maintain privacy through the device of randomizing his response. A randomized response method for estimating a population proportion is presented as an example. Unbiased maximum likelihood estimates are obtained and their mean square errors are compared with the mean square errors of conventional estimates under various assumptions about the underlying population.
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Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Cochran W. G., 1963, Sampling Techniques, Second Edition
- Deming W. E., 1950, Some Theory of Sampling
- Hansen M. H., 1953, Sample Survey Methods and Theory, Volume I
- Hansen M. H., 1953, Sample Survey Methods and Theory, Volume II
- Stephan F. F., 1963, Sampling Opinions
Cited by
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Kairouz, P., & McMahan, H. B. (2021) · Foundations and Trends in Machine Learning · doi:10.1561/2200000083 · Cited by 7,772
“This model is referred to as the local model of differential privacy (LDP) [406, 229].”
MethodThe Algorithmic Foundations of Differential Privacy
Dwork, C., & Roth, A. (2013) · doi:10.1561/9781601988195 · Cited by 3,856
L -diversity: Privacy beyond k -anonymity
Machanavajjhala, A., Kifer, D., Gehrke, J., & Venkitasubramaniam, M. (2007) · ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data · doi:10.1145/1217299.1217302 · Cited by 3,617
Sensitive questions in surveys.
Tourangeau, R., & Yan, T. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.859 · Cited by 3,057
Determinants of social desirability bias in sensitive surveys: a literature review
Krumpal, I. (2013) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-011-9640-9 · Cited by 2,860
Metadata
- Authors
- Warner, S. L.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Statistical Association
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1965-03
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 309
- Pages
- 63-69
- ISSN
- 0162-1459 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-274X
- OpenAlex
- W2013823004
- Cited by
- 3,255
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 2.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Warner, S. L. (1965). Randomized Response: A Survey Technique for Eliminating Evasive Answer Bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1965.10480775
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
