Cited by 788Gender Studies in LanguageDiscourse Analysis in Language StudiesLinguistic Variation and Morphology

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Gender Differences in Language Use: An Analysis of 14,000 Text Samples

Newman, Matthew L., Groom, Carla J., Handelman, Lori D., Pennebaker, James W.·2008·Discourse Processes

DOI 10.1080/01638530802073712

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Abstract

Differences in the ways that men and women use language have long been of interest in the study of discourse. Despite extensive theorizing, actual empirical investigations have yet to converge on a coherent picture of gender differences in language. A significant reason is the lack of agreement over the best way to analyze language. In this research, gender differences in language use were examined using standardized categories to analyze a database of over 14,000 text files from 70 separate studies. Women used more words related to psychological and social processes. Men referred more to object properties and impersonal topics. Although these effects were largely consistent across different contexts, the pattern of variation suggests that gender differences are larger on tasks that place fewer constraints on language use.

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“, orienting to others—is often seen as key to “doing femininity” for heteronormative Western females (Fletcher, 2001), and includes a range of rapport building strategies such as the use of emotion words, hedges, hesitations, minimizers, and modalized interrogatives (Holmes and Marra, 2004; Gamble and Gamble, 2020; Jo…”
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“Existing studies on LS have tended to take very similar methodological approaches: Generally speaking, previous works have calculated the proportion of function words in their given language samples and compared them across social settings or conversational contexts (e.g., Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003; Newman et al., 2008).”
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“Some recent applications have also utilized gesture input and combined it with speech to draw sketches [18].”
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“Much prior work has found distinctions in topical preferences in spontaneous productions of the two genders (e.g., Mulac et al., 2001; Mulac, 2006; Newman et al., 2008), showing that men were more likely to discuss money- ar X iv :2 00 8.”
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“), thus mitigating their opinion more (Newman et al., 2008).”
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“…and adjust to bereavement better than men partly because they tend to use more positive emotions, anxiety, and sadness words in grief narrative construction, whereas men tend to use more anger words to discuss their internal states during bereavement (Newman et al., 2008; Stelle & Uchida, 2004).”
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“Note that negation is included twice — as a predictor of women’s communication in the uncertainty composite, as suggested in [79, 87] (for example, used in the phrase “I’m not sure.”
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“Additionally, there are distinct individual differences in language use 61 .”
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“In general, we should not take for granted the characterization of women’s language that has been proposed by linguists such as Jespersen and Lakoff, as our study and others have shown that they are not always supported by empirical evidence (Newman et al., 2008; Park et al., 2016).”
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“…to this effect in adults is provided by studies showing that choices of words in spontaneous conversations (Mehl & Pennebaker, 2003), in written texts (Cheng et al., 2011; Newman et al., 2008), and on social media (Sap et al., 2014; Schwartz et al., 2013) are strongly predictive of sex/ gender.”
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“Newman et al. (2008) found small but systematic differences in the way that men and women use language, 84 Consortia Academia Publishing both in terms of what they say and how they choose to say it.”
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“As with personality, the computational inference of gender has primarily been approached using NLP techniques [8, 18, 46].”
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“Indeed, gender has been identified as a pervasive predictor of differences in language use (Coates 1998), surpassing many other social variables (Biber et al. 1998; Härnqvist et al. 2003; Newman et al. 2008; Rayson et al. 1997).”
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Morphology & word sense disambiguation embedded multimodal neural machine translation system between Sanskrit and Malayalam
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Analyzing Novice and Expert User’s Cognitive Load in using a Multi-Modal Interface System
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“In some recent sketch drawing applications, speech and gesture input were combined to develop a multimodal interface system [9].”

Authors: Newman, M. L., Groom, C. J., Handelman, L. D., & Pennebaker, J. W.
Affiliations: Arizona State University (US)
Department for Work and Pensions (GB)
Oxford University Press (United Kingdom) (GB)
The University of Texas at Austin (US)
ORCID: Pennebaker, James W.
Venue: Discourse Processes
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2008-05-15
Volume: 45
Issue: 3
Pages: 211-236
ISSN: 0163-853X (ISSN-L)
1532-6950
DOI: 10.1080/01638530802073712
OpenAlex: W2139875525
Cited by: 788
References: 54
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 27.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Discourse Processes (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Studies in Language
Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Discourse Analysis in Language Studies
Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Linguistic Variation and Morphology
Keywords: gender differences in language, language use, women's language, men's language, text analysis, topic categories, object properties, discourse analysis

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Gender Differences in Language Use: An Analysis of 14,000 Text Samples

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