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Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome: much more than a surgical problem
Open accessAbstract
Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) is a chronic, lifelong, debilitating, primarily obstructive airway disease which adversely affects the quality of life of many popular dog breeds. Respiratory restriction in bulldog breeds, pugs and Boston terriers frequently co-exist with pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, many brachycephalic dogs that appear clinically normal are, in fact suffering from chronic hypoxia and its systemic consequences. Concurrent gastroesophageal reflux-associated conditions, sleep disorders and systemic hypertension further impact the welfare of affected dogs. Acceptance of BOAS and associated clinical signs as being 'normal for the breed' is common amongst owners. While surgical correction of the upper airway is the mainstay of treatment, the provision of subsequent, frequently lifelong medical management is equally important for the maintenance of an acceptable quality of life, at least for some affected patients. Here we review the current knowledge concerning brachycephaly, combine it with shared clinical experience in the management of this debilitating condition, and discuss ethical considerations and the responsibility of veterinarians to contribute public education and to support appropriate breed standards for animals under our care.
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“However, this conformation can cause brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS, see [37] for a recent review of this syndrome), with a high predisposition to a range of disorders intrinsically related to this conformation, including respiratory disease [39,65,113]”
From Ethical Concerns about Fashionable Dog Breeding (2024) · cites this paper as [37]
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“However, this conformation can cause brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS, see [37] for a recent review of this syndrome), with a high predisposition to a range of disorders intrinsically related to this conformation, including respiratory disease [39,65,113], eye disease [39,113,114], dystocia [65], spinal disease [115], or even exercise intolerance and heat stroke [113], alongside a”
From Ethical Concerns about Fashionable Dog Breeding (2024) · cites this paper as [37]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ethical Concerns about Fashionable Dog Breeding
Menor-Campos, D. J. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14050756 · Cited by 20
“However, the prolonged retention of juvenile characteristics in dog breeds has led to concerning health ramifications, such as the size and shape of their heads [37], extreme alterations in body structure [38,39], or even alterations in their behaviour [40].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Mitze, S., Barrs, V. R., Beatty, J. A., Hobi, S., & Bęczkowski, P. M.
- Affiliations
- Zoetis (United Kingdom) (GB)
- City University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Bęczkowski, Paweł M.
- Venue
- Veterinary Quarterly
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2022-11-15
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 213-223
- ISSN
- 0165-2176 (ISSN-L)
- 1875-5941
- PMC
- PMC9673814
- OpenAlex
- W4308373607
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12
- FWCI
- 2.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Veterinary Quarterly (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- CityU Scholars (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary Medicine and Surgery
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Airway Management and Intubation Techniques
- Keywords
- brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome, brachycephaly, dogs, upper airway obstruction, chronic hypoxia, gastroesophageal reflux, sleep disorders, systemic hypertension, breed standards, quality of life, medical management, surgical correction, public education, veterinary ethics
- MeSH terms
- Airway Obstruction, Animals, Craniosynostoses, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Quality of Life
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