The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
As time goes by: Evidence for two systems in processing space → time metaphors
Abstract
Temporal language is often couched in spatial metaphors. English has been claimed to have two space → time metaphoric systems: the ego-moving metaphor, wherein the observer's context progresses along the time-line towards the future, and the time-moving metaphor, wherein time is conceived of as a river or conveyor belt on which events are moving from the future to the past. In three experiments, we investigated the psychological status of these metaphors by asking subjects to carry out temporal inferences stated in terms of spatial metaphors. In Experiment 1, we found that subjects were slowed in their processing when the assertions shifted from one spatial metaphoric system to the other. In Experiment 2, we determined that this cost of shifting could not be attributed to local lexical factors. In Experiment 3, we again found this metaphor consistency effect in a naturalistic version of the study in which we asked commonsense time questions of passengers at an airport. The results of the three studies provide converging evidence that people use spatial metaphors in temporal reasoning. Implications for the status of metaphoric systems are discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2003) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226470993.001.0001 · Cited by 20,632
Foundations of Cognitive Grammar
Winters, M. E., & Langacker, R. W. (1988) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/327796 · Cited by 5,665
The Poetics of Mind: Figurative Thought, Language, and Understanding
Gibbs, R. W. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,979
Metaphoric structuring: understanding time through spatial metaphors
Boroditsky, L. (2000) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(99)00073-6 · Cited by 1,840
Self-citationStructure mapping in analogy and similarity.
Gentner, D., & Markman, A. B. (1997) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.52.1.45 · Cited by 1,816
Self-citationDoes Language Shape Thought?: Mandarin and English Speakers' Conceptions of Time
Boroditsky, L. (2001) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.2001.0748 · Cited by 1,806
Self-citationThe Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science
(2001) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/1251.001.0001 · Cited by 1,149
CLARK, H. H. (1973) · Cognitive Development and Acquisition of Language · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-505850-6.50008-6 · Cited by 1,089
Psychological Science: The Consequences of Choosing Soft
Locurto, C. (2024) · SpringerBriefs in Psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-69402-8 · Cited by 927
The Roles of Body and Mind in Abstract Thought
Boroditsky, L., & Ramscar, M. (2002) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00434 · Cited by 882
Self-citation
Cited by
Wolff, P., & Barbey, A. K. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00001 · Cited by 788
How Words Mean: Lexical Concepts, Cognitive Models, and Meaning Construction
Evans, V. (2009) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234660.001.0001 · Cited by 357
Repke, M. A., Berry, M. S., Conway, L. G., Metcalf, A., Hensen, R. M., & Phelan, C. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202246 · Cited by 74
Metadata
- Authors
- Gentner, D., Imai, M., & Boroditsky, L.
- Venue
- Language and Cognitive Processes
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2002-10
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 537-565
- ISSN
- 0169-0965 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0732
- OpenAlex
- W2126284541
- Cited by
- 448
- References
- 38
- FWCI
- 12.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: As time goes by: Evidence for two systems in processing space → time metaphors. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/01690960143000317
- The paper
- Gentner, D., Imai, M., & Boroditsky, L. (2002). As time goes by: Evidence for two systems in processing space → time metaphors. Language and Cognitive Processes. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960143000317
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
