Self-efficacy in the face of threats to entrepreneurial success: mind-sets matter
Abstract
Results from two studies, extending implicit theories to entrepreneurship, demonstrated that incremental theorists (entrepreneurial ability is malleable), compared to entity theorists (entrepreneurial ability is fixed), reported more self-efficacy after threats to personal ability and business success. In Study 1, women induced to hold an incremental theory reported more self-efficacy regarding future entrepreneurial endeavors, compared to women induced to hold an entity theory, after being told entrepreneurial ability is primarily driven by masculine traits (threat condition). Results from Study 2, a sample of business owners, replicated this incremental buffering effect after threats to both men and women's entrepreneurial success (i.e., poor business performance). We discuss results in terms of how mind-sets matter for entrepreneurial endeavors, especially in the face of challenges.
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Experimentally manipulating beliefs that entrepreneurial ability can be increased led women to show greater resilience, in the form of self-efficacy for future entrepreneurial endeavors, in the face of stereotype threat relative to those induced to believe in fixed entrepreneurial ability.
“For example, experimentally manipulating beliefs that entrepreneurial ability can be increased led women to show greater resilience, in the form of self-efficacy for future entrepreneurial endeavors, in the face of stereotype threat relative those induced to believe in the fixed nature of entrepreneurial ability (Pollack, Burnette, & Hoyt, 2012).”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Pollack, Burnette, & Hoyt, 2012
Mindsets are important for women facing gender stereotypes in negotiation contexts.
“Similarly, mindsets have also been shown to be important for women facing gender stereotypes in negotiation contexts.”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Pollack, Burnette, & Hoyt, 2012
Interventions designed to increase women's belief that leadership abilities can be cultivated, or growth mindsets of leadership, are promising for buffering women from stereotype threat effects.
“Finally, interventions designed to increase women's belief that leadership abilities can be cultivated, or growth mindsets of leadership, are promising for buffering women from stereotype threat effects (Burnette et al., 2010;Ely, Ibarra, & Kolb, 2011;Pollack et al., 2012).”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Pollack et al., 2012
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References 59 · Cited by 55
- Authors
- Pollack, J. M., Burnette, J. L., & Hoyt, C. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Richmond (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pollack, Jeffrey M.
- Venue
- Basic and Applied Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-05
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 287-294
- ISSN
- 0197-3533 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-4834
- OpenAlex
- W2064322017
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 5.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Basic and Applied Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Keywords
- self-efficacy, implicit theories of intelligence, incremental theory, entity theory, entrepreneurial success, firm performance, gender differences, women entrepreneurs, business owners
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