The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 69 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
THE OVERSEEING MOTHER: REVISITING THE FRONTAL-POSE LADY IN THE WU FAMILY SHRINES IN SECOND-CENTURY CHINA*
Open accessAbstract
Located in present-day Jiaxiang in Shandong province, the Wu family shrines built during the second century in the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220) were among the best-known works in Chinese art history. Although for centuries scholars have exhaustively studied the pictorial programs, the frontal-pose female image situated on the second floor of the central pavilion carved at the rear wall of the shrines has remained a question. Beginning with the woman's eyes, this article demonstrates that the image is more than a generic portrait (“hard motif”), but rather represents “feminine overseeing from above” (“soft motif”). This synthetic motif combines three different earlier motifs – the frontal-pose hostess enjoying entertainment, the elevated spectator, and the Queen Mother of the West. By creatively fusing the three motifs into one unity, the Jiaxiang artists lent to the frontal-pose lady a unique power: she not only dominated the center of the composition, but also, like a divine being, commanded a unified view of the surroundings on the lofty building, hence echoing the political reality of the empress mother's “overseeing the court” in the second century during Eastern Han dynasty.
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64 Own interpretation · 52 Sources not found · 20 Own result · 14 No basis given · 9 No full text of the sources · 4 Not checked yet · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“In the Central scenes of the Left and the Front Stone Chambers (as well as several other later reconstructed shrines in Jiaxiang), the upper part of the lower chariot procession, such as the hats of the horsemen and the erected ears of the horses, slightly overlaps the ground line”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
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“instead of just being upstairs, the frontal-pose lady is looking on the second floor”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
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In the paper
“On one side of each pillar, a self-reflexive image of a two-story pillar tower is visible, the second of which is taken by two figures in full frontal view behind railings”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
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“Among the three walls, the kitchen scene appears on the lower right corner of the east wall”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
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“Both Wu Liang and Wu Rong were scholars of Shijing 詩 經 (The Book of Odes), one of the five Confucian classics taught in the imperial academy.82”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
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“Furthermore, the frontalpose lady is the only human representation in the shrine that features the potent frontal posture and encompassing eyes that characterize only the gods in the shrine.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
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“second, whereas the Queen Mother of the West only appeared as singular, in the Central scenes the frontal-pose lady could be rendered twice or even multiple times in a row (see Fig. 7, highlight A). 60”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
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“a third figure in full side view kneeling toward them on the right side on the same floor is clearly a man as he wears a sword.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
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“This assumption is substantiated by the fact that most illustrations of the virtuous women in the Wu family shrines came from Lienü zhuan.85”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
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In the paper
“In a similar lofty manner, the Queen Mother of the West (Xiwangmu 西王母) and her male counterpart, the King Father of the East (Dongwanggong 東王公), reside in parallel on top of the two side walls respectively (see Fig. 10, highlights B and D).”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
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In the paper
“On another stone sarcophagus panel from present-day Zoucheng 鄒城 (Shandong), no more than 85 kilometers to the east of Jiaxiang, a lady attended by a group of women on both sides sits en face in the upper register, analogous with the previous Xi’an lady.She is watching supernatural birds (perhaps the vermilion birds, or, zhuque 朱雀) playing with a string of starry beads and a hare pounding the elixi”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
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In the paper
“it hardly applies to the Wu family shrines, in which the two floors are clearly distinguished by the railings appearing only on the second floor, but never on the floor below.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > References
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In the paper
“Since the Central scene fills the lowest register of the rear wall, which was open directly to the entrance, the frontal-pose lady would have appeared approximately at the eye level of the worshipper, who was sup-posed to kneel down before the altar to worship.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > Introduction
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In the paper
“The symbolic power of overseeing made it a taboo for the highly ranked to be overlooked by the lowly ranked.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
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In the paper
“In the Left Stone Chamber, the Central scene includes a small scene of five men sitting together in the upper left corner (Fig. 9, highlight A).This scene, underlined by another dividing line which also indicates the ground below, makes perfect sense in light of the Pixian bas-relief as representing an ongoing event in the courtyard by the central pavilion.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
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In the paper
“wherever you move in front of the picture, the represented figure's eyes follow you all the way, because the whole world in front of the picture falls into the figure's visual field”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
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In the paper
“The decision to represent the lady en face with opened eyes was by no means arbitrary, but derived from an earlier motif that flourished during the first century in Jiaxiang”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > Introduction
What the sources say
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In the paper
“As noted earlier, this “spirit seat” dictated that the worshipper, when kneeling upon the ground, must confront the central lady’s face and eyes head on.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
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“The first century witnessed the emergence of a number of new compositions with one or more persons in the upper story of the pillar towers (que 闕) or on the top level of a building, usually revealing the upper half of his or her body behind railings or opened windows.32More importantly, these figures are sometimes shown in strict frontal view, resembling the frontal-pose lady in the Central scene.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
What the sources say
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In the paper
“To enable her to see the chariots outside, perhaps even afar, the lady is put in an elevated position to enhance her visual access”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
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In the paper
“the female spectator is the only one in the composition who is able to see everything else in the picture from above.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
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“Mr. Peng, the one who erected high buildings for his ladies to ascend for the watching of official chariot processions, was the victim.When Governor Huang Chang 黄昌 (fl.mid 2nd c.) learned that his chariot procession was being overseen by Peng’s ladies, he flew into a fury and ordered Peng’s execution.53”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Although in the Xi'an mural the lady's sight never technically falls upon the entertainers, the inherent purpose of performance renders her gaze evident: a show is always meant to be shown to an audience.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
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In the paper
“Like the frontal-pose female beholder, the elevated overseer, usually associated with the watchtower, was a motif that had existed before the construction of the Wu family shrines.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
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In the paper
“In this aspect, the similarity between the Wu family Central scene and the Xi'an mural is unmistakable.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
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In the paper
“The full frontal view even forced direct visual contact between the lady and the worshipper who came to visit the shrine, a public ritual site.44”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
What the sources say
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“During the visit to the ancestral temple on the first day of the first month of the year (the same day as described in the above-mentioned “Pingleguan fu”), Emperor Shun 舜, one of the legendary sage rulers,opened the four gates and four windows of the building to conveniently peer into all four directions “and allowed no corner under heaven to be concealed.”49”
- Also stated in: § THE ELEVATED EYES · boosted
“The political metaphor is unmistakable: commanding a panoramic view over surrounding areas represents an exemplary ruler’s thorough and brilliant control over his country.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49]
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- Also stated in: § THE ELEVATED EYES · boosted
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In the paper
“Represented in this manner, the female spectator has extensive visual access to multiple scenes before or below her, including the symposium, the performance, the approaching chariot (procession), and perhaps even the kitchen”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
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In the paper
“Such overlaps suggest that the artist intended to represent these horses and chariots as passing in front of the building.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
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In the paper
“Positioned on the upper level of the pillar towers to watch the entrance to the cemetery, these figures most likely rep-resent gatekeepers, whose job was to keep an alert eye on anyone approaching the cemetery.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
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In the paper
“the two special views, i.e. the elevated one and the frontal one, were full of power for Eastern Han viewers”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
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In the paper
“The “spirit seat,” an empty stone altar or dais upon which to seat the deceased’s soul, imagined as a living person, was often placed directly in front of the rear wall, where the Central scene was carved (see Fig. 1b).”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
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In the paper
“At the symbolic level, overlooking represented the ruler’s unlimited power and unblocked control of the world.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
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In the paper
“And this relocation did not shatter the uniformity of the composition, because the lady's frontal viewand only this potent viewallows her eyes to radiate from the picture plane and access the spectacles displayed on the side walls”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
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In the paper
“It seems that during the second century the Jiaxiang artist(s) developed a special interest in amplifying the feminine presence on the upper floor.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > Introduction
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In the paper
“But the most important modification is the addition of a ground line that divides the composition vertically into two registers.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
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In the paper
“Although the horizontal line drawn between the pavilion and the chariots appears to be no more than a par-tition line, it actually stands for the ground on which the pavilion is erected.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
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In the paper
“According to the inscribed cartouches in the Frontal Stone Chamber, the advancing travelers wearing official robes and hats, escorted by footed or mounted soldiers holding banners, fans, or ceremonial weapons, were supposed to be the deceased male host (jun 君), his office peers, or subordinates.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
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In the paper
“the dominant lady, portrayed as half human and half divine, was made uniquely entitled to such power in the second century to fit with the new political order headed by the supreme queen (empress) mother.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
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In the paper
“Viewed in this perspective, represent-ing the lady above the chariot procession meant she was behind the scene.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 2004, a late Western Han (206 BCE -8 CE) polychrome mural discovered in present-day Xi'an 西安 (Shaanxi) brought to light one of the earliest known illustrations of feminine gaze in Chinese art.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [25]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the present article argues that this motif rep-resents a particular symbolic action, overlooking, i.e., watching from an elevated spot, of the goddess-like mother in the Eastern Han society.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The unmistak-able similarity indicates that the frontal-pose lady in the central pavilion is in the same position as those elevated female spectators.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Accompanied by other interior and marginal beholders, this outstanding lady is indisputably the primary audience in this picture.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The active, dominant, and all-encompassing eyes entitled to the elevated lady in the central pavilion were imbued with a symbolic powerthe power of watching from above, in Eastern Han society.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“even the slightest side views confine the spectators' viewing only to things within the picture rather than those beyond it”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [43]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the actual ritual festivals, the lady’s all-inclusive sight might have even reached the ritual performances staged in front of the shrine.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One may wonder what unusual power and privilege was granted to her to defy the social convention and protocol.The answer lies in the lady’s half divine and half human identity in the historical context of second century China.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the Wu family Central scene, the two-story building plays a critical role in reshaping the feminine gaze that characterizes in the Xi'an mural and other first-century bas-reliefs.By moving the lady one level up, the artist elevated her straight and level gaze to a higher, sweeping view, or, an overlooking.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These objects can be viewed as a threedimensional counterpart of the bas-reliefs.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“During the late Western Han, the Queen Mother of the West, first as the keeper of the elixir, was transformed into a mirror image of the empress mother named Wang Zhengjun 王政君 (71 BCE -13 CE), aunt of Wang Mang 王莽 (45 BCE -23 CE), who usurped the emperorship and established the short-lived Xin 新 dynasty in 9 CE.72”
- Also stated in: § THE GODDESS-MOTHER · plain
“There was a linguistic trick behind the analogy: both ladies in Chinese were called wangmu 王母, meaning either the Queen Mother of the West or the mother of the Wang family.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [72]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § THE GODDESS-MOTHER · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“New inscriptions carved in a Central scene dated to 73 at Feicheng, only 110 kilometers to the northeast of the Wu family sites, has bolstered this new theory.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The open windows, the only access to the outside world on the upper floor, render these”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“When the emperor was too young to make decisions, it was the time for the empress mother to step into the public political arena, traditionally a world reserved for men only, to “oversee the court” (linchao 臨朝).75”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [75] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The motivation of creating such a godly mother in the family shrine was embedded in the political context during the first to second centuries.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Wu family, which was involved in the Eastern Han government, must and could not have been blind to this new political and artistic reality.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since both the Han and the Lu texts used a number of stories of exemplary women to interpret Shijing, it is unthinkable that Wu Liang and Wu Rong would have been ignorant of such didactic narratives and their ideological and political scenarios of great mothers.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The Wu family members appreciated the important role of mothers within family and society, as did many of their contemporaries.
In the paper
“That in the Central scenes the lady could be rendered more than once reflects the polygamic nature of the Eastern Han society, in which a wealthy man could marry multiple women.67”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [67]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We may extrapolate from the Feicheng example that the lady on the second floor might have similarly referred to a wife while the man downstairs was her husband.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
hedgedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: All Central scenes during the Han dynasty shared the same iconographic program.
In the paper
“As a matter of fact, between 89 and 186, when the latest Front Stone Chamber was finished, the empire was in the hands of the empress mothers and their brothers’ clans (consort-clans) for nearly half of the period.76”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [76]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The new synthesis is not a lady’s portrait, but the godly mother’s overseeing.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Besides bas-reliefs, another group of pottery towers emerged about the same period during the first century.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lewis 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Confucian canons in which the Wus majored were among the earliest Chinese literature that praised virtuous mothers and wives.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A third inscription identifies the person paying homage to the marquis on the left as”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The frontal-pose lady in the Central scene in the Wu family shrines synthesizes three existing motifs, including the dominant feminine gaze, elevated eyes, and the iconic Queen Mother of the West.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Many contemporary murals and stone car-vings indeed represent husbands and wives in two separate rows.70”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [70]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It seems that the early first-century artist(s) intentionally blurred the boundary of heaven and earth so that the imagery of goddess and that of housemistress could merge.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Within this domestic context such mundane femi-nine activities unique to the second floor, arranging hair or looking in the mirror make good sense.68”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [68]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the humanity of the lady does not negate her godly characteristics, which distinguish her from all other human figures in the shrine.71”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] source
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly, the railings, represented in many Eastern Han architectural models, murals, as well as carvings, were used to protect people in the high stories from falling off the building.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > References
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“并在姿態、裝束上比擬神明”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > References
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“嘉祥藝 術家把三個傳統題材-正面女主人賞樂、樓闕遠望、和西王母-熔冶為一，賦予了二樓 正面女性特殊的權力”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > References
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“本文從該女子的眼睛出發，論證此形象并 非只是一个類型化的肖像(”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > References
boostedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, images in Eastern Han funerary shrines were not totally individual or unique, either; many of them consisted of common formulas and structures; see Xing Yitian 2011, pp.400-402.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Xing Yitian 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
- It may state two separate claims as one. 63
- Probably not a substantial claim. 36
- The quote only partly states this claim. 4
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Not coincidently, situated about 60-90 centimeters above the ground, the frontalpose lady in the Central scene in the Wu family shrines remained approximately at the eye level of a kneeling adult.46”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [46] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passages from “Reaching its highest point” discuss mourning and mother–son ties, not the Wu family shrines. Searches for the shrines, the Central scene, the 60–90 cm height, and a kneeling viewer’s eye level found no passage addressing the claim in our copy (page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.75)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the pavilion the lady reveals her body from the waist up on the second floor above her male counterpart sitting on the lower floor”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Facing the viewer and the entrance of the shrine head on, the lady emerges in full frontal view from behind the railings in the center of the second floor of a two-story pavilion”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“She is not only physically larger than all her companions but also holding the most notable position in the entire shrine in a most compelling upright, frontal posture.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > Introduction
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this Central scene, the central pavilion is like-wise flanked by two pillar towers.Whereas the two central ladies on the pavilion remain frontal, the peripheral female spectators, behind the railings on the second floor of the two-story pillar tower on the left, stare into the distance in full side view”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like the central lady, the goddess takes the central pos-ition and possesses a notably larger stature than her attendants on both sides.Even some of their physical features are similar.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The generally formulaic Central scene is divided into two registers.The frontal-pose lady is always situated in the upper register, and the lower register displays a chariot procession moving from the right to the left.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But the later artist(s) of the Wu family shrines did more to the female body by increasing her scale and introducing more physical details, including the compelling eyes with pronounced pupils”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Near the center of the composition, slightly on the right stands a compelling watchtower, in which a woman indicated by a typical coiffure with two round hair bundles reveals her face in frontal view from behind an opened window on the upper floor”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Such a moment was captured in another second-century stone bas-relief discovered at present-day Feicheng 肥城 in Shandong province, in which a male worshipper kneels and faces the entrance of a shrine.”
- Also stated in: § THE ELEVATED EYES · hedged
“In front of him a bowl (of sacrificial grains?) is dedicated on the ground, and a lamp lit up to indicate the dusk time when sacrifices were usually scheduled (Fig. 12).45”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § THE ELEVATED EYES · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The goddess appears on the triangular west gable above the west wall of the shrine (Fig. 10, highlight B).”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A busy kitchen and a dance and acrobatic show were almost always represented on the lower registers of the east side wall of the shrine; other spectacular scenes such as hunting or fighting, probably historical plays, 41 were customarily carved on the west side wall”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the Wu family Central scene, despite the lady's position, much higher than that of the chariot procession below, the artist did not redirect her eyes toward the lower target.A tension thus emerges: on the one hand, the lady's eyes still remain open and active; on the other hand, they have lost fixed targets in the picture.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the Wu Liang Shrine, for example, eight of the thirteen illustrations of virtuous paragons deal with a son’s filial piety toward his mother and his deceased father, and six concentrate on the love between mother and child.86”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [86]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Although no historical records about these gentlemen survive, the excavated stelae from the Wu family cemetery show them as favored by the court.79”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [79]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the Wu family shrines, as male occupy the lower floor of the pavilion, the second floor forms an exclusively feminine space loftily cut off from the outside world.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Wu Kaiming 武開明 (91-148), Wu Ban 武班 (120-145), and Wu Rong 武榮 (d.168) were all nominated as “filial and incorrupt” (xiaolian 孝廉) and appointed as local officials; Wu Liang 武梁 (78-151) was also offered official positions, which he declined.80”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [80]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“First, all the major divine features unique to the goddess, including feathers or wings, the toad and hares pounding immortal drugs, and flanking demigods, were absent; 59”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] source
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Instead of dwelling in an abandoned mountain cave as described by the texts, the goddess wearing a prominent sheng 勝 headdress was portrayed as the sole inhabitant of the second floor of a typical Chinese pavilion on the left side of the panel, like the head of a secular household, with people beating drums, hitting chimes and dancing on the right.”
- Also stated in: § THE GODDESS-MOTHER · plain
“Meanwhile, the figure is also receiving homage from grotesque-looking deities, some of them with animal bodies or heads, a reminder of her supernatural status.78”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [78]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § THE GODDESS-MOTHER · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the lady en face remains solemnly upright and totally indifferent to her female companions who, portrayed in side view, flank her on both sides.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although these scholars appreciated the significance of the lady, they missed a basic physical feature of hers: the wide-open eyes, which suggest her visual attention is being directed at something in front of her”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > Introduction
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“at least by the end of the first century similar motifs had appeared in many stone funerary shrines in the vicinity of Jiaxiang.In these closer models, the composition had been modified and relocated to the rear wall, giving rise to the earliest form of the Central scene”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to ample historical documents, during the annual festivals held in the cemetery to remember the dead, various rituals and sacrifices were offered to occupants of the shrine.”
- Also stated in: § THE ELEVATED EYES · plain
“The hosting family would invite guests to the cemetery and entertain them with banquets, music, dancing, and acrobatics, as vividly illustrated on the walls of the shrines.47”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [47]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § THE ELEVATED EYES · plain
In the paper
“one of the secular scenes painted on the west wall includes a group of ladies, who sit before a twofold screen, and rest upon a large threefold armrest to enjoy music, dance, and acrobatics performed in front of them”
- Also stated in: § THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE · plain
“Among the ladies, one, identified by the excavators as the hostess of the scene, stands out in the center”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [25]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE · plain
In the paper
“The dictionary definition of the word “woman” (fu 婦) in the Eastern Han was “obedience.”Thus states Baihu tong 白虎通 (Comprehensive Meanings Held in the White Tiger Hall), the official exegetic canon of the Eastern Han dynasty: “The word fu (women) means fu 服, or, to be obedient according to the ritual and etiquette.”56”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The seemingly insignificant upward moving of the spectator's position actually redefined the nature of her watching: viewing from superior heights generates a radically different experience, lends the lady much broader visual access, and converts her from a gazerto an overseer.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Li You 李尤 (44-126), a talented poet, described in his “Pingleguan fu” 平 樂觀賦 (Rhapsody of Watchtower of Peace and Happiness) his breathtaking panoramic view of a dazzling variety of magic shows, masquerades, and acrobatics (recalling the performances portrayed by the Pixian bas-relief), which were staged in all directions across the imperial capital city Luoyang 洛陽 to celebrate the first day of the”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas during the first century either male or female protagonists could occupy the second floor in frontal view, in the Wu family shrines a rule was set that only the lady did so, while her male counterpart always remained downstairs in profile.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A law was made that anyone who dared to peep at the traveling officials from a high building were to be mercilessly stopped by a shower of arrows.52”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the borrowings from earlier models, the Wu family Central scene is not only stylistically finer and iconographically richer, but also conceptually innovative.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the camp of the “goddess theory,” the lady is indisputably analogous to the Queen Mother of the West, a supreme goddess Han subjects believed as dwelling on the sacred Mountain of Kunlun 崑崙 in the remote western region of China. 57”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I will argue that the artist made this seemingly paradoxical synthesis intentionally to combine two equally important attributes on the central frontal-pose lady: she is not only the major consumer of what is visually present in front of her, but also the top overseer of what surrounds (in space) and occurs next (in time).”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the mind of the onlookers along the road, chariot processions spoke of power, wealth, and fame, and stirred up envy as well as admiration.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it seems the Wu family artists opened up the picture and created a three-dimensional space along the three walls of the shrine.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although neither of them is present in the Central scenes, the two motifs were not expelled from the Wu family shrines.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The forgotten cultural meaning of overseeing can be reconstructed through a number of references in contemporary transmitted texts.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“During the Han dynasty the imperial state made laws to regulate the use of official chariots as well as the number of escorts.21 People of higher ranks enjoyed more chariots and personnel.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Perhaps following this example, emperors of the Han dynasty ritually scaled high buildings to stare into the distance.50”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Que (pillar towers) means guan 觀 (to oversee).During the Zhou dynasty (1046-255 BCE) the entrance to the palace was marked by two flanking pillar towers, whose upper floors were inhabitable.Built for people to ascend and gaze into the distance, these structures were called guan, or watchtowers.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both walls were physically located in front of the Central scene and therefore intuitively subject to the lady's encompassing eye on the rear wall.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the charioteers in the other two shrines remain unidentified, the chariots were almost surely official and associated with the male host.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This was also true in the Han dynasty, as “ascending high to gaze into the distance” (denggao yuanwang 登高遠望) became a favorite motif not only to artists but also among writers.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a patriarchic society in which males were considered superior to females, being overseen by ladies could be humiliating and even outrageous for men.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the former is deprived of the attendants that flank the latter, indicating that the spectators on the watchtower are not always high-ranked; second and more importantly, the former does not specify a visual target in front of the viewer as the latter does.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consisting of open cars (chaoche 弨車) with the passengers exposed to the audience, such official chariot processions were meant to be social spectacles that showed off the charioteer's honorable social status”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE FRONTAL-POSE GAZE
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The unique power of frontal view also manifests itself through the fact that this is the only perspective that allows the spectator's eyes to radiate from the picture plane out to the other walls.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE ELEVATED EYES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although“impri-soned” on the upper floor, she stands above her socially superior husband and indeed everything else in the earthly world.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This turned into a convention throughout the second century, when the construction of the Wu family shrines occurred.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [75] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“all the central figures on the upper story sit behind a window and steer their eyes straight forward, unmoved by scenes nearby.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lewis 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Little doubt remains that the Wu family artists creatively modified the local pictorial conventions and forged a visible analogy between the Queen Mother of the West and the frontal-pose lady without denying the latter’s human identity.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Because the family shrine, as the public “face” of the entire clan, must have been under critical public scrutiny during regular ritual festivals, it was absolutely vital that its every detail should be both ideologically and politically correct, although ideology and politics could conflict.88”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [88]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The decoration of the shrines, so dearly invested in, had to be flawless even to the most critical and informed eyes of the time, because, as we can easily imagine, any artistic mistakes could have disgraced the family, or even worse, totally ruined it.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among the ten emperors of the Eastern Han dynasty, five ascended the throne younger than ten, and the other five were between eleven and seventeen in age.74”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, without an informed eye that knows how to connect the lady, the chariots, the building, the kitchen and so on, many such “soft” motifs as the feminine overseeing just fade before our eyes into oblivion.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“After the fall of the Xin, empress mothers were granted even greater real and symbolic power during the Eastern Han dynasty, when a total of six empress dowagers, unparallel in all Chinese history, successively became the de-facto controllers of the court after 88. 73”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [73]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such ambiguous feminine images anticipated the mothergoddess by the Wu familyartist(s), who unambiguously distinguished the two characters in iconography while keeping the two in both form and placement as mirror images of one another.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although it was not directly from the Wu family shrines, the similar artistic style and carving technique demonstrate that it was almost surely associated with the same workshop or group of artists; see Jiaxiang xian Wushici wenguansuo 1979, pp.5-6.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jiaxiang xian Wushici wenguansuo 1979
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In a patriarchal society such as the Eastern Han, as Wu Hung once remarked, “the primary subject matter of the Wu Liang Ci (Shrine) carvings is the mother-son relationship.It is especially surprising to find that the first picture in the series focuses on this theme.”87”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [87]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As women were almost always served by women in Han pic-torial art, it is unlikely that the two spectators are women”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In Han pictorial art, women were almost always served by women.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, the design of the shrines had to comply both with the Confucian patriarchal ideology, in which the father must always remain as the head of the house, and with the contemporary political reality that the mother must act as a powerful backstage overseer.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This text included a focus on two famous heroines, the mothers of Mengzi 孟子 and Tian Ji 田忌 who used their authority to help their sons to correct errors.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [83]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ear-liest Left Stone Chamber was established in 148, the second year into the reign of the Emperor Huan 漢桓帝 (r.146-168), who ascended the throne at the age of fifteen.The factual supreme ruler behind the young emperor was Empress Mother Liang (Liang Rui 梁妠, 106-150), who maintained a firm grip on the power till her very last breath.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To the Wu family members thriving in the political environment of second-century China, in effect, this must have come as no surprise.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The Wu family members appreciated the important role of mothers within family and society, as did many of their contemporaries.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, the frontal-pose lady was intentionally made both divine and human, and in either case, a mother (mu 母), at least in the descendants’ point of view.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At the same time, from late Western Han to early Eastern Han, the image of the Queen Mother shifted from three-quarter view to full frontal view, turning the rep-resentational mode of this goddess from “episodic” to “iconic.”77”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this bas-relief from Feicheng two cartouches were inscribed next to the lady on the top floor, labeling her as the wife (furen 夫人) of a marquis (hou 侯), whose image was”
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSION · plain
“This bas-relief bears a fragmentary inscription that identifies one of the upper-floor frontal-pose ladies as”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSION · plain
In the paper
“Wu Liang specialized in Hanshi waizhuan 韓詩外傳 (External Commentary to the Han Odes, compiled 2nd c.BCE), an exegetic text of Shijing with a special interest in the stories of virtuous women.83”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [83]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a lady’s portrait is “hard,” but overseeing is “soft,” because while the former can be counted and measured, the latter finds its existence precisely in the intangible link and logic between the subject (overseer) and the object (overseen).”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this aspect, the images of the goddess and the lady were probably based on the same basic archetype; in fact the latter was por-trayed almost like a mirror image of the former.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ultimate goal of the artist(s) in making this creation was to pictorialize the dominant role of the mother in contemporary society and the current political scene, and to propagandize it in a public ritual spacethe funerary shrine.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“It seems to me that the damaged character X should be read as”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cheng Shaokui 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Yang Aiguo 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Being more than a portrait, the female frontal view must be thought of as a “soft” motif instead of a “hard” one.89”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [89]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Found exclusively from tombs, these miniature buildings may rise up to a height of five feet and literally stand out among all other burial objects.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lewis 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Wu Rong was a specialist of the Lu 鲁 text of Shijing, which nurtured Liu Xiang 劉向 (77-6 BCE), the author of Lienü zhuan 列女傳 (Biographies of Eminent Women, comp.first c.BCE).84”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [84]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The theory also coheres with the Confucian teaching on keeping a proper fence between husband and wife, for it is ritually inappropriate for men and women to blend together.69”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > THE GODDESS-MOTHER
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [69]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Such motifs were later appropriated by early great Chinese painting masters in similar domestic contexts.A great example is a scene of adornment in the famous Admonition Scroll, attributed to Gu Kaizhi, see McCausland 2003, pl. 7.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites McCausland 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Using overlapping of images to represent depth was a popular strategy in Eastern Han art; see Soper 1948, pp. 174-175.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > References
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Soper 1948 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“使之不僅成為畫面中主導的中央觀者，也可居高臨下、統觀周圍的 景象”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > References
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The same method was used in another shrine at Xiaotangshan 孝堂 山, as”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > References
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Soper 1941 source
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Accordingly, female family members in the Han dynasty were often called”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Raphals 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It was modeled after ancestral temples; see Nagahirō Toshio 1961b; Croissant 1964, pp. 92- 105;”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Nagahirō Toshio 1961b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Croissant 1964 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“No violation between the two sides was expected:”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kong Yingda, Liji zhengyi
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Ruan Yuan 1980
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“這一女性形象出現在墓地祠堂這一重要的公共禮儀空 間之中，呼應了東漢時代、特別是二世紀盛行的皇太后臨朝聽政的政治現實。”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > References
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Although this theory may work in some particular cases, it hardly applies to the Wu family shrines, in which the two floors are clearly distinguished by the railings appearing only on the second floor, but never on the floor below.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Miao Zhe 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Nagahirō Toshio
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“According to Zheng Xuan's 鄭玄 (127-200) annotation to Liji:”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zheng Xuan
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Kong Yingda
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Ruan Yuan 1980
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“On another occasion, these spectators are men instead of women; see Jining diqu wenwuzu 1982, p. 66, fig. 15.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jining diqu wenwuzu 1982
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Jiang Yingju demonstrates that this and other similar later discovered bas-reliefs were also Central scenes from other local shrines of the same period; see id. 1983.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jiang Yingju 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A slightly earlier mural tomb at Xunyi 旬邑 in Shaanxi province, dating from the first century contains inscriptions that verify the separation between husband and wife. Although in this tomb there are no multistory buildings, the motif of men in profile versus women in frontal view is similar. Blurry inscriptions label these rigidly sitting ladies as wives of the corresponding gentlemen; see Greiff”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Greiff -Yin 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The spectator, in this case a man, is keeping all the properties of his posthumous home within his visual field.”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > References
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While men were assigned to the public”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > CONCLUSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The Wu family members appreciated the important role of mothers within family and society, as did many of their contemporaries.
“The similar educational background of the Wus suggests that they should have appreciated the important role of mothers within the family and society, as did many of their contemporary colleagues or peers.81”
“This assumption is substantiated by the fact that most illustrations of the virtuous women in the Wu family shrines came from Lienü zhuan.85”
The paper relies on this without support.
In Han pictorial art, women were almost always served by women.
“As women were almost always served by women in Han pic-torial art, it is unlikely that the two spectators are women”
The authors state this as an assumption.
All Central scenes during the Han dynasty shared the same iconographic program.
“It must be noted that this theory is based on the questionable assumption that all Central scenes during the Han dynasty shared the same iconographic program.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > References
“Hinsch, Bret. 2003. "The Origins of Han-Dynasty Consort Kin Power."”
§ The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China > References
“East Asian History 25- 26 (2203): 1-24.”
Citations
Cites
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- Bachhofer Ludwig, 1931, Münchner Jahrbuch der bildenden Kunst, 197
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- 1989, Huaxia kaogu, 1989, 69
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Cited by
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Olberding, G. P. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009075862 · Cited by 2
Iconographic Volatility in the Fuxi-Nüwa Triads of the Han Dynasty
Guo, Y. (2021) · Archives of Asian Art · doi:10.1215/00666637-8866680 · Cited by 1
(2016) · Early China · doi:10.1017/eac.2016.9
Image, Body, and Simulation of the Afterlife in the Early Medieval Sarcophagus of Prince Yuan Mi
Shi, J. R. (2020) · Archives of Asian Art · doi:10.1215/00666637-8620375
Metadata
- Authors
- Jie 施傑, S.
- Venue
- Monumenta Serica
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-07-03
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 263-293
- ISSN
- 0254-9948 (ISSN-L)
- 2057-1690
- OpenAlex
- W2310998033
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 6.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Monumenta Serica (publishedVersion)
- Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College (Bryn Mawr College) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Chinese history and philosophy
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Visual Arts and Performing Arts › Visual Culture and Art Theory
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Indian and Buddhist Studies
- Keywords
- Eastern Han dynasty, Queen Mother of the West
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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