Pesticide residues in conventional, integrated pest management (IPM)-grown and organic foods: insights from three US data sets
Abstract
An analysis of pesticide residue data was performed to describe and quantify differences between organically grown and non-organic fresh fruits and vegetables. Data on residues in foods from three different market categories (conventionally grown, integrated pest management (IPM)-grown/no detectable residues (NDR), and organically grown) were compared using data from three test programmes: The Pesticide Data Program of the US Department of Agriculture; the Marketplace Surveillance Program of the California Department of Pesticide Regulation; and private tests by the Consumers Union, an independent testing organization. Organically grown foods consistently had about one-third as many residues as conventionally grown foods, and about one-half as many residues as found in IPM/NDR samples. Conventionally grown and IPM/NDR samples were also far more likely to contain multiple pesticide residues than were organically grown samples. Comparison of specific residues on specific crops found that residue concentrations in organic samples were consistently lower than in the other two categories, across all three data sets. The IPM/NDR category, based on data from two of the test programmes, had residues higher than those in organic samples but lower than those in conventionally grown foods.
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- Authors
- Baker, B. P., Benbrook, C. M., III, E. G., & Benbrook, K. L.
- Venue
- Food Additives and Contaminants
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 427-446
- ISSN
- 0265-203X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2150165474
- Cited by
- 349
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 15.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Food Additives & Contaminants (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- California Department of Pesticide Regulation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Pesticide Residue Analysis and Safety
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural safety and regulations
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Organic Food and Agriculture
- Keywords
- pesticide residues, organic food, integrated pest management, conventional farming, fresh produce, residue concentration, food safety
- MeSH terms
- Food Contamination, Fruit, Humans, Pesticide Residues, United States, Vegetables, Food, Organic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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