Community reintegration following acquired brain injury

“For randomized controlled trials, the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) rating scale [9] developed by the Centre for Evidence-Based Physiotherapy (CEBP) in Australia and the scale developed by Downs and Black [10] were used.”

“Currently, it is possible to find a large amount of literature that supports the benefits of various types of cognitive interventions with traumatic brain injury patients (Cicerone et al., 2000; 2005; Halligan and Wade, 2005; Katz et al., 2006; McCabe et al., 2007; TurnerStokes, 2008).”

“Although cognitive deficits and behavioral disorders tend to decrease spontaneously during recovery, they may have a significant impact on community integration and psychosocial adjustment (Milders et al. 2003; McCabe et al. 2007).”

“Recent systematic reviews for ABI rehabilitation also adopted this guideline (McCabe et al., 2007; Teasell et al., 2007).”

“Evidence for existing psychosocial rehabilitation, particularly interventions targeting social reintegration, is also limited (Cullen, Chundamala, Bayley, & Jutai, 2007; McCabe et al., 2007).”

“…studies (Gage et al., 1997), early transition studies (i.e., studies capturing the initial transition to home after inpatient rehabilitation; McCabe et al., 2007; McColl et al., 1998, 1999), and studies that use retrospective data collection techniques (Phipps & Richardson, 2007; Turner et…”

“However, the literature has typically focused on the longer-term community integration phase (Gracey et al., 2008; McCabe et al., 2007; Minnes et al., 2003; Ownsworth et al., 2007; Sander et al., 2010; Yates, 2003), with a lack of studies examining perceptions of recovery and adjustment during the early transition pha…”

“activities in which to participate in order to fill one’s time (McCabe et al., 2007; Parveneh & Cocks, 2012; Willer et al., 1993).”

“…implications Information about the brain injury patient’s care & Educational program for family members reduced stress Arango-Lasprilla et al., 2010; McCabe et al., 2007; Murray et al., 2006; Rodgers et al., 2007; Rotondi et al., 2007; Wells et al., 2005; Wongvatunyu & Porter, 2005 & To be…”

“These findings align with other research that has called for rehabilitation efforts to focus on enabling people with TBI to engage in activities that promote social participation, which, in turn, can improve their ability to reintegrate into their community and their quality of life [84,85].”

“Further, there is significant evidence that many spouses experience increased levels of burden after TBI [32] and that this burden may increase over time [33].”

“With the methodological problems in evaluating community-based programs, such as what to measure, when to measure and how to measure (Agnihotri, Keightley, Colantonio, Cameron, & Polatajko, 2010) there is limited evidence of their effectiveness (McCabe et al., 2007).”

“Return to driving after brain injury has been linked to return to employment, maintenance of social relationships and engagement in recreational activities [6] and is, therefore, important for maintaining a sense of independence and reintegrating into the community [7].”

“34) Although research exists on the initial transition between hospital and home (McCabe et al., 2007; Turner et al., 2007, 2008), there is only limited research into subsequent accommodation transitions many years post brain injury.”

“(30) suggested that rehabilitation, particularly community-based programs using a supportive relationship intervention, could improve level of independence in terms of self-care among individuals with TBI.”

“The typical goal of rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is community reintegration, whereby the person reattains the life patterns of the general community and also subjectively feels as if he or she is connected and involved within the community [1,2].”

“A small number of previous systematic reviews have collated the evidence for the effectiveness of community-based rehabilitation programmes after TBI (Carlson et al., 2006; Evans & Brewis, 2008; McCabe et al., 2007).”

“Six of the studies provided qualitative descriptions of existing community integration literature [18,20,39–42], while only one study reported a systemic review [43].”

“Diversity of dimensions is reflected in different operational definitions that have been used for systematic reviews (Geurtsen, Heugten, Martina & Geurts, 2010; McCabe et al., 2007; Reistetter & Beatriz, 2005; Salter, Foley, Jutai, Bayley & Teasell, 2008).”

“Based on the literature review, it was decided that those themes represented key issues in community integration for individuals with ABI [31, 32].”

“The persistent cognitive impairments and consequent affective and behavioural changes that result from ABI, can impact negatively on work, leisure, relationships and activities of daily living and thus impair an individual’s capacity to re-integrate into society (McCabe et al., 2007).”

“Community integration may be defined as meaningful participation in occupation, a home to live in and maintaining loving relationships [4, 5].”

“However, the current study supports the view that NR improves ADL of patients with TBI.”

“McCabe et al. (2007) review in addition, several single group studies on ABI and conclude that no clear benefit of community over hospital based neurorehabilitation is established.”

“, 2001), as well as the goal of rehabilitation in general (McCabe et al., 2007; Reistetter & Abreu, 2005).”

“This finding is similar to the rate of driving resumption found in other studies of ABI survivors [1, 2].”

“And similar gains have been shown in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injuries after multi-disciplinary rehabilitation targeted towards improving hidden disabilities, such as cognitive and other aspects of psychological functioning [4,5].”

“L’APIC est un programme « sur mesure » de 3 heures par semaine, qui consiste, par la présence d’un accompagnateurcitoyen, à stimuler la personne TCL à accomplir des activités de la vie quotidienne ou de loisir significatives pour elle, pour l’aider à retrouver ou consolider le sens qu’elle donne à sa vie [22].”

“40 [3–88]) 40.”

“This appears to be an area that warrants considerable development, given the strong consensus in the literature on brain injury specifically, and in the health literature generally, about the powerful impact of social support on overall health and quality of life (Bhogal, Teasell, Foley, & Speechley, 2003; McCabe et a…”

“…Children’s Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Vic 3053, Australia result in cognitive, emotional, and/or physical difficulties that can differentially impact an individual’s ability to function and participate in life, making a recovery following ABI highly individual (McCabe et al., 2007).”

“Reviews [11, 12] also highlight that rehabilitation for patients with an ABI has shown positive effect on cogni-”

“Community integration is a key outcome for community-dwelling people with ABI, and it includes the ability to be self-determining, to participate in work and leisure, and to have meaningful relationships (Kim, Colantonio, Dawson, & Bayley, 2013; McCabe et al., 2007).”

“It has been suggested that the primary goals of TBI rehabilitation are to improve participation or re-integration into the community [11] and restore quality-of-life [12].”

“…beyond the individual sphere, affecting the person’s social and familiar contexts such as emotional overburdening in a familiar environment (Godfrey et al., 1991; Franulic et al., 2000), problems with community integration and psychosocial adjustment (Milders et al., 2003; McCabe et al., 2007).”

“But rehabilitation is astonishingly expensive and the evidence base for existing remediation techniques is limited (Cullen, Chundamala, Bayley, & Jutai, 2007) especially for social reintegration (McCabe et al., 2007).”

“People with ABI face lifelong disability and experience difficulty in community integration (McCabe et al., 2007).”

“…community integration, most of these definitions include three basic elements: relationships with others, ability to be independent in daily life, and participation in meaningful activities to fulfill one’s leisure (McCabe et al., 2007; Parvaneh & Cocks, 2012; Wilier, Ottenbacher, & Coad, 1994).”

“…families are also exposed to decision making regarding their child's reintegration into their family and community while watching for, or treating, symptoms associated with mild TBI, such as headaches, sleep disturbance, depression, and behavior change (McCabe et al., 2007; Prigatano & Gray, 2008).”

“This study extends the growing literature that has examined the adverse impacts of the compensation process on the person with an injury [3] and informal support services including family members, carers [36, 37], employers [38] and healthcare practitioners [39, 40].”

“…vise à soutenir à la fois les capacités à mettre en place des habitudes de vie et la capacité à avoir une vie sociale satisfaisante, ce qui, selon la littérature (Bourque, 2005 ; McCabe et al., 2007), semble soutenir davantage l’intégration communautaire et améliorer la participation sociale.”

“A variety of recent literature reviews also highlight that factors positively related to return-to-work or school fall not only in the cognitive and emotional realms but also the social domains (Crisp, 2005 ; McCabe, et al, 2007 ; Ownsworth & McKenna, 2004 ).”

“Community integration programs focus on enabling individuals to participate meaningfully in social, occupational, recreational, and educational activities while addressing any underlying physical, cognitive, emotional, or social challenges that arise after injury (McCabe et al., 2007).”

“Peer support interventions within community-based programmes can help achieve this goal by promoting social integration, coping skills, and psychological functioning [10].”

“From this multi-faceted perspective, following a brain injury at any age, themes of independence, relationships, productivity and leisure have all been viewed as contributing to an individual’s sense of community integration and, relatedly, quality-of-life [12].”

“The reason for this might be the above-described anxiety caused by the inability to maintain established roles in society (38,39).”

“The citizen accom-paniment program offers support to people who have problems with social integration, by accompanying them through everyday and recreational activities that are meaningful to them [4–6].”

“Family members get stressed because they want to make sure the patient receives good care, and therefore ignore their own well-being ([22]).”

“Due to the long-term impacts post-injury (e.g., social isolation), it is often challenging to achieve successful reintegration [8–10].”

“…address have been linked to issues with community reintegration for patients with TBI (Elbogen et al., 2019; Hoffman and Harrison, 2009; Kornblith et al., 2021; MacGregor et al., 2021; McCabe et al., 2007; Novakovic-Agopian et al., 2021; O ’ Neil et al., 2021; Pugh et al., 2018; Raso et al., 2021).”

“Also, interventions directed at community integration following ABI are often not evidence-based (McCabe et al., 2007) and communitybased professionals frequently lack adequate training and experience (Degeneffe & Bursnall, 2015).”

“These sequelae may interfere with work, school, and social relationships, impair participation in leisure activity, and reduce the ability to meet the expectations of others (Daggett, Bakas, Buelow, Habermann, & Murray, 2013; Lequerica et al., 2013; McCabe et al., 2007).”

“Additionally, reduced personal sexual appeal has been reported as a common personality change following brain injury [49,50], which may affect pair-bonding between female family caregivers and men with ABI [51].”

“…it appears that individuals with more severe impairments are aware of these deficits and the extent to which these impairments impact on their ability (McCabe et al., 2007; Truelle et al., 2010), which may be related to attempts to increase self-awareness seen in a rehabili-tationcontext.”

“…with a focus on leisure participation after brain injury (Fleming et al., 2011), the key focus of traditional community rehabilitation services has namely been on remediating impairments in personal care, mobility and cognition (McCabe et al., 2007; Mitchell et al., 2014; Fleming et al., 2011).”

“수준I의 논문이 모두 PEDro 7점 이상으로 강한 증거 를 나타내었다[40][41].”

“Literature suggests that increased time spent preparing a client for their postdischarge phase and establishing links to outpatient/community-based therapy may assist this population (Keightley et al., 2011; McCabe et al., 2007; Turner et al., 2007).”

“Some insurance carriers limit coverage to the few techniques supported by research.(24,38) One might anticipate that cancer patient organizations and agencies covering neurological disorders would collaborate to offer assistance—but as suggested by the following examples, help may come from neither:”

“2009), brain injury (Kim and Colantonio 2010; McCabe et al. 2007; Reistetter and Abreu 2005; Ritchie et al. 2014), physical disabilities (Ginis et al.”