Neurobiological correlates of cognitions in fear and anxiety: A cognitive-neurobiological information processing model
Open accessAbstract
We review likely neurobiological substrates of cognitions related to fear and anxiety. Cognitive processes are linked to abnormal early activity reflecting hypervigilance in subcortical networks involving the amygdala, hippocampus, and insular cortex, and later recruitment of cortical regulatory resources, including activation of the anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex to implement avoidant response strategies. Based on this evidence, we present a cognitive-neurobiological information-processing model of fear and anxiety, linking distinct brain structures to specific stages of information processing of perceived threat.
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Early processing biases toward threat are followed by reduced threat processing or increased avoidant responding.
“early processing biases towards threat are followed by reduced processing of threat or increased avoidant responding”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Hofmann, Ellard, & Siegle, 2011
Patients differ in their responses to treatment, presumably due to individual variability in psychological, biological, cultural, and psycho-physiological factors that shape adaptive and maladaptive anxiety responses to life experiences.
“The conceptual framework for this study is founded on the observation that patients differ in their responses to treatment, presumably due to individual variability in the psychological, biological, cultural, and psycho-physiological factors that shape adaptive and maladaptive anxiety responses to life experiences [55].”
From A Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART) study of medication and CBT sequencing in the treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [55]
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References 155 · Cited by 132
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Barlow DH Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic 2002 2nd Edition New York Guilford Press
- Beck AT Cogntive therapy and the emotional disorders 1991 New York Penguin
- Clark DM Wells A Heimberg RG Liebowitz MR Hope DA Schneier FR A cognitive model of social phobia Social Phobia: Diagnosis, assessment and treatment 1995 New York Guilford Press 69 93
- Murphy N Brown WS Did my neurons make me do it? Philosophical and neurobiological perspectives on moral responsibility and free well 2007 New York, NY Oxford University Press
- Rolls ET The brain and emotion 1999 Oxford, England Oxford University Press
- Authors
- Hofmann, S. G., Ellard, K. K., & Siegle, G. J.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hofmann, Stefan G.
- Venue
- Cognition and Emotion
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-08
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 282-299
- ISSN
- 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0600
- PMC
- PMC3229257
- OpenAlex
- W1988229848
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 155
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 0.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cognition & Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH082998, K02MH082998, MH078308., MH-081116, F31MH084422, P50MH080215, R01MH078308, R01MH081116)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- fear, anxiety, threat perception, cognitive processes, amygdala, hippocampus, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, hypervigilance, avoidance, information processing model, neural correlates
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Animals, Anxiety, Attention, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Cognition, Fear, Hippocampus, Humans, Models, Psychological, Neural Pathways, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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