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Sex differences in the ability to recognise non-verbal displays of emotion: A meta-analysis
Abstract
The present study aimed to quantify the magnitude of sex differences in humans' ability to accurately recognise non-verbal emotional displays. Studies of relevance were those that required explicit labelling of discrete emotions presented in the visual and/or auditory modality. A final set of 551 effect sizes from 215 samples was included in a multilevel meta-analysis. The results showed a small overall advantage in favour of females on emotion recognition tasks (d=0.19). However, the magnitude of that sex difference was moderated by several factors, namely specific emotion, emotion type (negative, positive), sex of the actor, sensory modality (visual, audio, audio-visual) and age of the participants. Method of presentation (computer, slides, print, etc.), type of measurement (response time, accuracy) and year of publication did not significantly contribute to variance in effect sizes. These findings are discussed in the context of social and biological explanations of sex differences in emotion recognition.
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“Considering the results from both the old analyses and new analyses together, there were sex differences indicating that females relative to males are more proficient in recognizing emotions (SMDs = 0.22–0.30; Merten, 2005; Thompson & Voyer, 2014).”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Thompson & Voyer, 2014
In the citing paper
“for Emotion recognition, the studies in the old analyses and new analyses (Merten, 2005; Thompson & Voyer, 2014) indicated that the sex differences favoring females are larger in countries with higher living conditions, but the evidence is weak.”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Thompson & Voyer, 2014
In the citing paper
“women perform better than men in tasks measuring face memory [1] and emotion recognition [2]”
From Effects of sex and gonadectomy on social investigation and social recognition in mice (2015) · cites this paper as [2]
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Burza, L. B., Bloom, T., Trindade, P. H. E., Friedman, H. L., & Otta, E. (2022) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104752 · Cited by 23
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BackgroundTrevithick, P. (2017) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcx133 · Cited by 25
“It is awaiting publication in the British Journal of Social Work and can be read but not be reproduced until published in the BJSW. today” or “he’s back to his old self”.”
BackgroundInfluentialValidation of dynamic virtual faces for facial affect recognition
Fernández-Sotos, P., García, A. S., Vicente-Querol, M. Á., Lahera, G., Rodríguez–Jiménez, R., & Fernández‐Caballero, A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246001 · Cited by 22
“Indeed, some meta-analyses and literature reviews have reported that females outperform males in facial emotion recognition [62, 63] but small effect sizes are generally reported.”
BackgroundFeelings first? Sex differences in affective and cognitive processes in emotion recognition
Bek, J., Donahoe, B., & Brady, N. P. (2021) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218211064583 · Cited by 26
“…Lynch et al., 2006), happiness was the most easily identified expression while fear was the most difficult, and females were faster and more accurate than males in recognising emotions (e.g., Kret & De Gelder, 2012; Thompson & Voyer, 2014), although the evidence was stronger for RTs than accuracy.”
BackgroundResultFawcett, C. A., Nordenswan, E., Yrttiaho, S., Häikiö, T., Korja, R., Karlsson, L., Karlsson, H., & Kataja, E. (2022) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2022.2073973 · Cited by 20
“When it comes to gender differences, women have been consistently shown to be more skilled at emotion perception than men (Olderbak et al., 2019; Thompson & Voyer, 2014) and both women’s selfratings of emotional experience and their facial emotional expressions are more affected by others’ emotions…”
BackgroundThe Cambridge Handbook of the International Psychology of Women
Cheung, F. M., & Halpern, D. F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716 · Cited by 24
Kourmousi, N., Amanaki, E., Tzavara, C. K., & Koutras, V. (2017) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci6010028 · Cited by 21
Recognising and reacting to angry and happy facial expressions: a diffusion model analysis
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The effect of facial expression on emotional contagion and product evaluation in print advertising
Isabella, G., & Vieira, V. (2020) · RAUSP Management Journal · doi:10.1108/rausp-03-2019-0038 · Cited by 11
“Third, previous research has explored the gender effects on emotional contagion (Vijayalakshmi & Bhattacharyya, 2012; Xiao & Ding, 2014) as women tend to manifest more smiles than men (Fischer & LaFrance, 2015) and decode facial expressions more accurately than men (Thompson & Voyer, 2014).”
BackgroundHamel, J. (2020) · Partner Abuse · doi:10.1891/pa-2020-0014 · Cited by 32
Sex Differences in Brain and Behavioral Development
Beltz, A. M., Blakemore, J. E., & Berenbaum, S. A. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397267-5.00064-9 · Cited by 21
Time-of-day effects on objective and subjective short-term memory task performance
Ceglarek, A., Hubalewska‐Mazgaj, M., Lewandowska, K., Sikora-Wachowicz, B., Marek, T., & Fąfrowicz, M. (2021) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2021.1929279 · Cited by 18
“On the contrary, women have higher accuracy in recognition of non-verbal emotion (for meta-analysis, see: Thompson and Voyer 2014) and they achieve better scores in verbal ability tests (Huang 1993; Lowe et al. 2003; Petersen 2018).”
BackgroundNeuromodulation of facial emotion recognition in health and disease: A systematic review
Nejati, V., Khorrami, A. S., & Fonoudi, M. (2022) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2022.03.005 · Cited by 21
Kang, D., Stough, L. M., Yoon, M., & Liew, J. (2023) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2023.2225816 · Cited by 24
Fragkaki, I., Cima, M., & Meesters, C. M. G. (2016) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0527-x · Cited by 24
“Girls exhibit lower levels of risk-taking behavior and increased levels of empathy compared to boys in adolescence and adulthood (Eisenberg and Lennon 1983; Gullone and Moore 2000; O’Brien et al. 2013; Thompson and Voyer 2014).”
BackgroundFacial emotion perception in schizophrenia: Does sex matter?
Mote, J., & Kring, A. M. (2016) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v6.i2.257 · Cited by 19
Foul, Y. A., Eitan, R., Mortillaro, M., & Aviezer, H. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbab064 · Cited by 20
Sex differences in brain and behavioral development
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“We conducted exploratory analyses to investigate whether the effect of the face mask was modulated by participants’ sex or the face models’ sex, considering the sex differences on emotion recognition ability and emotional expression (Kring & Gordon, 1998; Thompson & Voyer, 2014).”
MethodSex differences in emotion recognition: investigating the moderating effects of stimulus features
Rafiee, Y., & Schacht, A. (2023) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2023.2222579 · Cited by 20
“In this line, an extensive review by Hall (1978) and a metaanalysis by Thompson and Voyer (2014) revealed persistent findings concerning the role of sex as a source of individual differences in emotion recognition.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHunt, Q. A., Ewing, E. S. K., Weiler, L. M., Ogbaselase, F. A., Mendenhall, T. J., McGuire, J. K., Monet, M., Kobak, R., & Diamond, G. S. (2021) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12549 · Cited by 22
Use of 3D faces facilitates facial expression recognition in children
Wang, L., Chen, W.-F., & Li, H. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep45464 · Cited by 10
Hormonal and modality specific effects on males’ emotion recognition ability
Lausen, A., Broering, C., Penke, L., & Schacht, A. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104719 · Cited by 16
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No Own-Age Advantage in Children’s Recognition of Emotion on Prototypical Faces of Different Ages
Griffiths, S., Penton‐Voak, I. S., Jarrold, C., & Munafo, M. R. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125256 · Cited by 17
“Participant sex was included as a covariate as this has been shown to affect emotion recognition in previous research [22].”
BackgroundEmotion recognition associated with polymorphism in oxytocinergic pathway gene ARNT2
Hovey, D., Henningsson, S., Cortes, D. S., Bänziger, T., Zettergren, A., Melke, J., Fischer, H., Laukka, P., & Westberg, L. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx141 · Cited by 17
“The 25 SNPs were analyzed for men and women separately, since previous studies have demonstrated that the underlying mechanisms of facial emotion processing vary between the sexes (Stevens and Hamann, 2012; Thompson and Voyer, 2014).”
BackgroundEmpathic responding and hippocampal volume in young children.
Stern, J. A., Botdorf, M., Cassidy, J. A., & Riggins, T. (2019) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000684 · Cited by 19
“Sex emerged as an important factor predicting children’s empathic behavior, with girls demonstrating greater empathic responding, on average, than boys, consistent with previous research (e.g., Lennon & Eisenberg, 1987; Thompson & Voyer, 2014).”
ResultPropensity to use interoceptive signals: An important individual difference
Murphy, J. (2022) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108326 · Cited by 17
Gobin, R. L., Strauss, J. L., Golshan, S., Allard, C. B., Bomyea, J., Schnurr, P. P., & Lang, A. J. (2019) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2019.03.003 · Cited by 16
Jorna, L. S., Westerhof-Evers, H. J., Khosdelazad, S., Rakers, S. E., van der Naalt, J., Groen, R. J. M., Buunk, A. M., & Spikman, J. M. (2021) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s135561772000140x · Cited by 16
“This is a concern knowing that sex does play a role in emotion recognition, with women outperforming men on emotion recognition tasks (Olderbak, Wilhelm, Hildebrandt, & Quoidbach, 2019; Thompson & Voyer, 2014).”
BackgroundDåderman, A. M., Kajonius, P., Hallberg, A., Skog, S., & Hellström, Å. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03767-8 · Cited by 30
Jaksic, C., & Schlegel, K. (2020) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence8030034 · Cited by 15
“At least in the ERA field and for nonverbal cues (i.e., stimuli without verbal content), however, the gender difference seems to be of similar magnitude across the visual and auditory modalities (Thompson and Voyer 2014).”
BackgroundResultLin, Y., Fan, X., Chen, Y., Zhang, H., Chen, F., Zhang, H., Ding, H., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12121706 · Cited by 15
“These differences in findings may be related to differential sensitivities to various measurement indices and processing stages [102,107].”
Understanding the neural mechanisms of empathy toward robots to shape future applications
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“One meta-analysis found that while women may demonstrate a slight advantage in emotion recognition, this effect is moderated by factors such as the specific emotion and whether the emotion is positive or negative (Thompson and Voyer, 2014).”
BackgroundOn rater reliability and agreement based dynamic active learning
Zhang, Y., Coutinho, E., Schuller, B. W., Zhang, Z., Schuller, B. W., & Adam, M. G. (2015) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops · doi:10.1109/acii.2015.7344553 · Cited by 15
“Further, some of the variations amongst individuals in perception of emotion in the auditory domain can be attributed to personality differences, which are associated with affective biases in emotion judgment [5] due to the interaction of personality with attention, motivation and mood [6].”
BackgroundLin, Y., Ding, H., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00338 · Cited by 15
“Future researchers could explore whether speakers/actors ’ gender can generate different emotional responses (Thompson & Voyer, 2014; Vasconcelos et al., 2017), which is an interesting test bed to examine to what extent gender differences occur in the encoding and decoding processes for emotional…”
InfluentialCannon, S. A., & Chatterjee, M. (2021) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000001095 · Cited by 15
“…studies have found mixed results regarding differences between men and women in facial, gestural or spoken emotion recognition Accuracy (Hall 1978; Thompson & Voyer 2014), our previous study using the same stimuli as the present study showed that differences in vocal emotion recognition no longer…”
ResultMalatesta, G., Manippa, V., & Tommasi, L. (2022) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-022-02522-2 · Cited by 14
“In this regard, it has been suggested that the female expertise in processing of emotional infant faces might be associated with their role of primary caretakers assumed during evolution (Thompson & Voyer, 2014).”
BackgroundImplicit communication of emotions via written text messages
Holtgraves, T. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100219 · Cited by 21
Gillioz, C., Nicolet-dit-Félix, M., Wilhelm, O., & Fiori, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1085971 · Cited by 14
“Supporting previous findings that females have a small advantage in ERA (Schlegel et al., 2014; Thompson and Voyer, 2014; Schlegel, 2019), sex was associated with accuracy in the task, but only when other variables (i.”
ResultInfluentialEmojis Are Comprehended Better than Facial Expressions, by Male Participants
Nogare, L. D., Cerri, A., & Proverbio, A. M. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13030278 · Cited by 22
Delk, L. A., Bobadilla, L., & Lima, E. N. (2016) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-016-9561-y · Cited by 14
Kourmousi, N., Kounenou, K., Tsitsas, G. D., Yotsidi, V., Merakou, K., Barbouni, A., & Koutras, V. (2017) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci6040113 · Cited by 14
The effects of sex on prevalence and mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders
Nowak, S., & Jacquemont, S. (2020) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64150-2.00025-3 · Cited by 15
The elusive link between eye‐movement patterns and facial expression recognition
Yitzhak, N., Pertzov, Y., & Aviezer, H. (2021) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12621 · Cited by 16
Personal and Job Factors Associated with Teachers’ Active Listening and Active Empathic Listening
Kourmousi, N., Kounenou, K., Yotsidi, V., Xythali, V., Merakou, K., Barbouni, A., & Koutras, V. (2018) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci7070117 · Cited by 14
“…and understand others’ emotions better (Rosenkrantz et al. 1968); research has also shown that they pay closer attention to the speaker and the things said and that they listen more effectively (Christov-Moore et al. 2014; Rueckert and Naybar 2008; Rueckert et al. 2011; Thompson and Voyer 2014).”
BackgroundGender and Accuracy in Decoding Affect Cues: A Meta-Analysis
Hall, J. A., Gunnery, S. D., & Schlegel, K. (2025) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence13030038 · Cited by 17
“Target Gender Hall (1978) found no effect for target gender (consistent with cited within-study analyses), while Thompson and Voyer (2014) found that the gender difference was largest for male targets.”
InfluentialKapitanović, A., Tokić, A., & Šimić, N. (2022) · Arhiv za Higijenu Rada i Toksikologiju · doi:10.2478/aiht-2022-73-3662 · Cited by 17
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Exploring sex differences in cardiac interoceptive accuracy using the phase adjustment task
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“…1992; Prentice et al., 2022), further research exploring sex differences in interoceptive awareness and emotion (as well as other factors linked to interoception; see Brewer et al., 2021; Thompson & Voyer, 2014) across domains would be useful for examining the impact of observed sex differences.”
Chen, F.-T., Chou, A., Chan, Y., Wu, V. C., Lin, C., Hung, K., Chu, P., Cheng, Y., & Chen, S. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263717 · Cited by 13
“This discrepancy may be due to adaptive behavior, cognitive/social development, environmental influences (cultural stereotypes), and even brain/physiology differences (reproductive hormone fluctuations, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis regulation, and norepinephrine system adjustment) [27, 28].”
BackgroundThe Effect of Gender on Attributions for Women’s Anxiety and Doubt in a Science Narrative
Freedman, G., Green, M. C., Flanagan, M., Fitzgerald, K. S., & Kaufman, G. F. (2018) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684318754528 · Cited by 13
“For instance, a recent meta-analysis on gender differences in nonverbal displays of emotion found that women tend to be better than men at correctly identifying emotional expression (Thompson & Voyer, 2014).”
BackgroundMethodIntelligence and Sensory Sensitivity as Predictors of Emotion Recognition Ability
Schlegel, K., Witmer, J. S., & Rammsayer, T. H. (2017) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence5040035 · Cited by 13
“While women typically perform better than men in ERA tests (see meta-analyses by Hall [38], and Thompson & Voyer [39]), men were found to be better than women at pitch and loudness discrimination [40], and to reach higher scores on measures of fluid intelligence [41].”
BackgroundDibben, N., Coutinho, E., Vilar, J. A., & Estévez‐Pérez, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00184 · Cited by 13
“Indeed, a metaanalysis of sex differences in the ability to recognize discrete emotions in a variety of non-verbal domains indicates that women perform slightly better overall, especially for negative emotions (Thompson and Voyer, 2014).”
BackgroundParsons, C. E., Nummenmaa, L., Sinervä, E., Korja, R., Kajanoja, J., Young, K. S., Karlsson, H., & Karlsson, L. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000698 · Cited by 15
“In general, women are reported to have better emotion recognition capacities across all emotions compared with men (meta analyses; J. A. Hall, 1978; Thompson & Voyer, 2014).”
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Ludyga, S., Schilling, R., Colledge, F., Brand, S., Pühse, U., & Gerber, M. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13730 · Cited by 13
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Steephen, J. E., Kummetha, S., Obbineni, S. C., & Bapi, R. S. (2020) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12720 · Cited by 13
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Genzer, S., Adiva, Y. B., & Perry, A. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009281072 · Cited by 20
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Kuehne, M., Zaehle, T., & Lobmaier, J. S. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89828-7 · Cited by 11
Facial Affect Recognition in Depression Using Human Avatars
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Ryan, S., Sherretts, N., Willmott, D., Mojtahedi, D., & Baughman, B. M. (2017) · Safer Communities · doi:10.1108/sc-07-2017-0027 · Cited by 12
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“This too is consistent with past work showing that the use of natural versus posed expressions (“intention of actors”) does not affect the decoding of adult faces (Thompson and Voyer 2014).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialWong, W. I., & VanderLaan, D. P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.009 · Cited by 12
Perception of Emergent Leaders’ Faces and Evolution of Social Cheating: Cross-Cultural Experiments
Rostovtseva, V., Mezentseva, A., & Butovskaya, M. (2022) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/14747049221081733 · Cited by 13
Perception of Communicative and Non-communicative Motion-Defined Gestures in Parkinson’s Disease
Jaywant, A., Wasserman, V., Kemppainen, M. I., Neargarder, S. A., & Cronin‐Golomb, A. (2016) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617716000114 · Cited by 12
“In healthy adults, women perform better on emotion recognition tasks than men (Thompson & Voyer, 2014).”
BackgroundLi, J., Zhu, Z., Zhang, R., & Lee, Y. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3757596 · Cited by 20
Sex Differences in Cognition in Schizophrenia: What We Know and What We Do Not Know
Freeman, H., & Lee, J. (2022) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2022_394 · Cited by 11
Maza, A., Moliner, B., Ferri, J., & Lloréns, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.01415 · Cited by 11
“Specifically, the ability to recognize emotional expressions on faces has been repeatedly investigated in the literature, evidencing certain universal patterns across cultures (7), ages (8), and sex (9).”
BackgroundThe Good, the Bad, and the Clever: Faking Ability as a Socio-Emotional Ability?
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“Furthermore, women performed slightly better at faking, which corresponds to a similar finding in emotion perception (Olderbak et al. 2019b; Thompson and Voyer 2014).”
ResultCheng, P., & Langevin, R. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106094 · Cited by 13
Keating, C. T., & Cook, J. L. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-48469-8 · Cited by 16
Constructing three emotion knowledge tests from the invariant measurement approach
Delgado, A. R., Prieto, G., & Burín, D. I. (2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.3755 · Cited by 11
“For instance, a recent 370 multi-level meta-analysis by Thompson and Voyer (2014) found that the effect size of the 371 difference in emotion perception, a basic emotional aptitude, is d=-.19 (if coded as female=0, PeerJ reviewing PDF | (2017:03:16654:1:1:NEW 8 Jun 2017) 372 male=1), not far from…”
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“…sex-related differences in recognition of basic and complex emotions (Abbruzzese et al., 2019; Baron-Cohen et al., 2015; Kirkland et al., 2013; Olderbak et al., 2018; Thompson & Voyer, 2014; Williams et al., 2009) and ToM abilities (Faísca et al., 2016; Fischer et al., 2016; Russell et al., 2007).”
BackgroundVaskinn, A., Ueland, T., Melle, I. S., & Sundet, K. S. (2024) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-024-01422-8 · Cited by 11
“For emotion recognition, a small advantage in favor of females has been reported in both meta-analytic (Thompson & Voyer 2014) and large-scale community (Olderbak et al. 2019) studies.”
ResultInfluentialCarpita, B., Nardi, B., Giovannoni, F., Parri, F., Cerofolini, G., Bonelli, C., Massimetti, G., Pellecchia, E., Pini, S., Cremone, I. M., et al. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14070720 · Cited by 10
Demographic Differences in Interoception
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“Furthermore, some research shows that age is a predictor of recognition accuracy (Donadon & de Lima Osório, 2014; Thompson & Voyer, 2014; Weidner, 2014).”
BackgroundDifferential Gender Responses to an Empathy Component of a Sexual Assault Prevention Program
Hines, D. A., Bishop, L. S., & Reed, K. M. P. (2019) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-18-00046 · Cited by 10
“Research suggests that females respond more quickly to empathic feedback and training than males (e.g., Christov-Moore et al., 2014; Thompson & Voyer, 2014).”
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Rychlowska, M., & Vanderwert, R. E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00387 · Cited by 11
“In addition, evidence shows that females tend to recognize emotion expressions more accurately than males (e.g. Babchuk et al., 1985; McClure, 2000; Proverbio et al., 2007; Thompson and Voyer, 2014) and that this advantage is especially marked when integrating visual and auditory stimuli.”
BackgroundThe Not So Subtle and Status Quo Maintaining Nature of Everyday Sexism
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“Females are better at emotion recognition tasks than males [35,36] and there is evidence that late-pubescent and post-pubescent individuals are generally better able to recognize emotions than those in early puberty or prepubescents (e.”
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“…relating to social perception and social interaction, including nonverbal behavior (Hall, 1984), accuracy of judging emotion and personality (Thompson & Voyer, 2014; Vogt & Colvin, 2003), attachment to peers (Gorrese &Ruggieri, 2012), and leadership styles (Eagly, Johannesen-Schmidt, & van…”
BackgroundEffects of sex and parental status on the assessment of infant faces.
Arteche, A. X., Vivian, F. A., Dalpiaz, B. P. Y., & Salvador-Silva, R. (2016) · Psychology & Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/h0101552 · Cited by 9
Face-to-trait inferences in patients with Parkinson’s disease
Hirai, M., Sakurada, T., & Muramatsu, S. (2018) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2018.1513452 · Cited by 9
“The literature regarding sex differences in emotional recognition in healthy controls shows that women tend to be better at recognizing nonverbal emotional displays than men, although the effect size is small (Thompson & Voyer, 2014).”
BackgroundAttention orienting to the eyes in violent female and male offenders: An eye-tracking study
Gehrer, N. A., Zajenkowska, A. M., Bodecka-Zych, M., & Schönenberg, M. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108136 · Cited by 9
Autism in the broader context of cognitive sex differences
Geary, D. C. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1817772115 · Cited by 9
de la Harpe, S., Palermo, R., Brown, E., Fay, N., & Dawel, A. (2024) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-024-00463-y · Cited by 9
“Research suggests women are faster and more accurate at facial expression recognition than men (Hall, 1978 ; Kret & De Gelder, 2012 ; Thompson & Voyer, 2014) and that the perception of certain expressions (e.g., happiness, fear, anger) are biased towards either female or male faces (Hess et al.,…”
Metadata
- Authors
- Thompson, A. E., & Voyer, D.
- Affiliations
- University of New Brunswick (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Voyer, Daniel
- Venue
- Cognition and Emotion
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-01-08
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1164-1195
- ISSN
- 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0600
- OpenAlex
- W2023112595
- Cited by
- 476
- References
- 249
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 2.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cognition & Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- sex differences, emotion recognition, facial expressions, vocal emotion, sensory modalities, age effects
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Child, Emotions, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation, Sex Characteristics, Recognition, Psychology, Young Adult
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