The Nonmedical Use of Ketamlne, Part Two: A Review of Problent Use and Dependence

Jansen, Karl L.R.; Darracot-Cankovic, Rachael

doi:10.1080/02791072.2001.10400480

Cited by 137Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesForensic Toxicology and Drug AnalysisPsychedelics and Drug Studies

The Nonmedical Use of Ketamlne, Part Two: A Review of Problent Use and Dependence

Jansen, Karl L.R., Darracot-Cankovic, Rachael·2001·Journal of Psychoactive Drugs

DOI 10.1080/02791072.2001.10400480

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Abstract

This is the second part of a review of the nonmedical use of ketamine. Part one discussed the history of ketamine, the sought-after effects for which it is taken in a nonmedical context, how these are produced, common adverse effects, the ketamine schizophrenia model and the neurotoxicity issue. Part two reviews what is currently known about problem use of ketamine, ketamine dependence, treatment options and harm minimization issues. Some ketamine users become dependent on the drug in a manner resembling cocaine dependence, with craving and a high tolerance but no evidence of a physiological withdrawal syndrome. The likely mechanisms of this dependence are discussed in terms of what is known about the neurochemistry of ketamine, its psychological effects, and published case histories in both the formal and informal literature. The conclusions are that ketamine dependence is linked with effects that this complex drug has in common with not only cocaine and amphetamine but also with opiates, alcohol and cannabis, as well as the psychological attractions of its distinctive psychedelic properties.

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Episodes of long duration of withdrawal symptoms (depression, anxiety, mania, tinnitus, nausea, unexplained fear, and dizziness) were described after SNRIs discontinuation, suggesting the occurrence of persistent post-withdrawal disorders.
“Episodes of long duration of withdrawal symptoms (i.e., depression, anxiety, mania, tinnitus, nausea, unexplained fear, and dizziness) were described after SNRIs discontinuation, suggesting the occurrence of persistent post-withdrawal disorders [120-123].”
From Acute and Persistent Withdrawal Syndromes Following Discontinuation of Psychotropic Medications (2020) · cites this paper as [122]
3 out of the 4 studies reporting SNRI persistent post-withdrawal disorders were on venlafaxine and 1 was on duloxetine.
“To be noted that 3 out of the 4 studies reporting SNRI persistent post-withdrawal disorders were on venlafaxine [120-122] and 1 was on duloxetine [123].”
From Acute and Persistent Withdrawal Syndromes Following Discontinuation of Psychotropic Medications (2020) · cites this paper as [122]

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Authors: Jansen, K. L. R., & Darracot-Cankovic, R.
Affiliations: St Thomas' Hospital (GB)
Venue: Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2001-06
Volume: 33
Issue: 2
Pages: 151-158
ISSN: 0279-1072 (ISSN-L)
2159-9777
DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2001.10400480
OpenAlex: W2148291000
Cited by: 137
References: 51
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 1.21
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
Keywords: ketamine, ketamine dependence, problematic substance use, craving, tolerance (pharmacology and immunology), withdrawal, harm reduction, psychedelic effects
MeSH terms: Anesthetics, Dissociative, Animals, Drug Tolerance, Humans, Ketamine, Behavior, Addictive, Substance-Related Disorders

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The Nonmedical Use of Ketamlne, Part Two: A Review of Problent Use and Dependence

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