Causes for delay before specialist consultation in head and neck cancer
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Head and neck cancers are often diagnosed at a late stage, thus resulting in a generally poor prognosis. This is partly attributable to patients' hesitancy in seeking treatment. However, the length and causes of these patient delays remain relatively unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We included all new head and neck cancer patients treated at our tertiary care center between 2016 and 2017. Using a patient questionnaire, we collected data on patients' symptoms and other factors related to seeking medical care, and recorded both patient- and primary health care-related delays. We then compared the data collected from these patients to patient and tumor characteristics collected from hospital records, and analyzed various causes for delay before a specialist consultation to the Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. RESULTS: Among the patients (n = 142) in our study, the median patient delay was 35 d with 73% of patients seeking medical care within 3 months. In comparison, the median primary health-care delay was 20 d. Certain symptoms influenced patient delay. Hoarseness and breathing difficulties correlated with longer patient delay while patients with a lump on the neck had a shorter delay. Patient delay was associated with certain tumor-related factors such as the tumor site and the presence of regional metastases, which resulted in shorter patient delay. None of the patient-related factors appeared to impact delay. Important factors influencing primary health-care delay included the initial location visited and whether any follow-up visit was scheduled or not. CONCLUSIONS: Although most patients sought medical advice without a major delay and were adequately referred, we found that long delays existed. Raising awareness of the symptoms of head and neck cancer among general population and health-care providers is probably the best way to get patients to curative treatment without delay.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
At different stages of illness, patients' experiences of bodily sensations and symptoms vary, thus affecting their psychological responses.
“At diferent stages of the illness, patients' experiences of bodily sensations and symptoms vary [43], thus afecting their psychological responses.”
From Symptom Experiences before Medical Help-Seeking and Psychosocial Responses of Patients with Esophageal Cancer: A Qualitative Study. (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
The Discussion (page not supplied) says patients may experience symptoms and their intensity differently, supporting variation in symptom experience. It does not establish that this variation occurs at different stages of illness or that it affects psychological responses; the outcome it discusses is delay in seeking medical care. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours
Hermanek, P., & Sobin, L. H. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-82982-6 · Cited by 16,073 · see citing works
The TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours
Easson, E. C. (1974) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1974.119 · Cited by 1,006 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Head and Neck Cancer
Haddad, R. I., & Shin, D. M. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra0707975 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Murphy, C. T., Galloway, T. J., Handorf, E. A., Egleston, B. L., Wang, L. S., Mehra, R., Flieder, D. B., & Ridge, J. A. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2015.61.5906 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Chen, Z., King, W. D., Pearcey, R. G., Kerba, M., & Mackillop, W. J. (2007) · Radiotherapy and Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2007.11.016 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Delay in diagnosis: the experience in Denmark
Olesen, F., Hansen, R. P., & Vedsted, P. (2009) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605383 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
van Harten, M. C., Hoebers, F. J. P., Kross, K. W., van Werkhoven, E. D., van den Brekel, M. W. M., & van Dijk, B. A. C. (2014) · Oral Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.12.003 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Waaijer, A., Terhaard, C. H. J., Dehnad, H., Hordijk, G. J., van Leeuwen, M. S., Raaymakers, C. J. P., & Lagendijk, J. J. W. (2003) · Radiotherapy and Oncology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8140(03)00036-7 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Patient delay in cancer studies: a discussion of methods and measures
Andersen, R. S., Vedsted, P., Olesen, F., Bro, F., & Søndergaard, J. (2009) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-9-189 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Delays in treatment of oral cancer: a review of the current literature
Stefanuto, P., Doucet, J.-C., & Robertson, C. G. (2013) · Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2013.12.407 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Predictive Factors for Diagnosis of Advanced-Stage Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Carvalho, A. L., Pintos, J., Schlecht, N. F., Oliveira, B. V., Fava, A. S., Curado, M. P., Kowalski, L. P., & Franco, E. L. (2002) · Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/archotol.128.3.313 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Oral and pharyngeal cancer: Analysis of patient delay at different tumor stages
Brouha, X. D. R., Tromp, D. M., Hordijk, G. J., Winnubst, J. A. M., & de Leeuw, J. R. J. (2005) · Head & Neck · doi:10.1002/hed.20270 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Diagnostic delay and disease stage in head and neck cancer: A systematic review
Goy, J., Hall, S. F., Feldman‐Stewart, D., & Groome, P. A. (2009) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.20185 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Rogers, S. N., Pabla, R., McSorley, A., Lowe, D., Brown, J., & Vaughan, E. D. (2006) · Oral Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.08.001 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Psychological factors and patient delay in patients with head and neck cancer
Tromp, D. M., Brouha, X. D. R., de Leeuw, J. R. J., Hordijk, G. J., & Winnubst, J. A. M. (2004) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2004.03.009 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Noonan, B. J. (2013) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2013.07.005 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Lyhne, N. M., Christensen, A., Alanin, M. C., Bruun, M. T., Jung, T. H., Bruhn, M. A., Jespersen, J., Kristensen, C. A., Andersen, E., Godballe, C., et al. (2012) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2012.11.034 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Diagnostic delays in head and neck cancers
Amir, Kwan, Landes, Feber, & Williams (1999) · European Journal of Cancer Care · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2354.1999.00165.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Tromp, D. M., Brouha, X. D. R., Hordijk, G. J., Winnubst, J. A. M., & de Leeuw, J. R. J. (2005) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmi058 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Relative importance of diagnostic delays in different head and neck cancers
Teppo, H., & Alho, O.-P. (2008) · Clinical Otolaryngology · doi:10.1111/j.1749-4486.2008.01704.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Patient and tumour factors associated with advanced carcinomas of the head and neck
Tromp, D. M., Brouha, X. D. R., Hordijk, G. J., Winnubst, J. A. M., & de Leeuw, R. J. (2005) · Oral Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2004.09.008 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The impact of patient and professional diagnostic delays on survival in pharyngeal cancer
Koivunen, P. T., Rantala, N., Hyrynkangas, K., Jokinen, K., & Alho, O. (2001) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(20011201)92:11 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Teppo, H., Koivunen, P. T., Hyrynkangas, K., & Alho, O. (2002) · Head & Neck · doi:10.1002/hed.10208 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Role of alcohol and smoking in diagnostic delay of head and neck cancer patients
Brouha, X. D. R., Tromp, D. M., Hordijk, G. J., Winnubst, J. A. M., & de Leeuw, R. (2005) · Acta Oto-Laryngologica · doi:10.1080/00016480510028456 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Laryngeal cancer patients: Analysis of patient delay at different tumor stages
Brouha, X. D. R., Tromp, D. M., de Leeuw, J. R. J., Hordijk, G. J., & Winnubst, J. A. M. (2005) · Head & Neck · doi:10.1002/hed.20146 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Tromp, D. M., Brouha, X. D. R., Hordijk, G. J., Winnubst, J. A. M., Gebhardt, W. A., van der Doef, M., & de Leeuw, J. R. J. (2005) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyh031 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Balasooriya‐Smeekens, C., Walter, F. M., & Scott, S. E. (2015) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3833 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Primdahl, H., Nielsen, A. L., Larsen, S., Andersen, E., Ipsen, M., Lajer, C. B., Vestermark, L. W., Andersen, L. J., Hansen, H. S., Overgaard, M., et al. (2006) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.1080/02841860500423948 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Early diagnosis of cancer – the role of general practice
Vedsted, P., & Olesen, F. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care · doi:10.3109/02813430903478623 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Kangas, M., & Gross, J. J. (2017) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105317748468 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Patient related factors associated with delayed reporting in oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer.
Akram, M., Siddiqui, S. A., & Karimi, A. M. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Diagnostic Delays and Errors in Head and Neck Cancer Patients: Opportunities for Improvement
Franco, J., Elghouche, A. N., Harris, M. S., & Kokoska, M. S. (2017) · American Journal of Medical Quality · doi:10.1177/1062860616638413 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Väisänen, J. A., Syrjälä, A.-M. H., Pesonen, P., Pukkila, M. J., Koivunen, P. T., & Alho, O. (2014) · Oral Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.04.009 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kim, H., Jeon, J., Han, Y. J., Joo, Y., Lee, J., Lee, S., & Im, S. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9113415 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Shukla, P., Lee, M. A., Whitman, S. A., & Pine, K. H. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115164 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Kassirian, S., Dzioba, A., Hamel, S., Patel, K., Sahovaler, A., Palma, D. A., Read, N., Venkatesan, V., Nichols, A. C., Yoo, J., et al. (2020) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3747/co.27.6547 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Factors associated with delay in diagnosis of oral cancers
Swaminathan, D., George, N. A., Thomas, S., & Iype, E. M. (2024) · Cancer Treatment and Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.ctarc.2024.100831 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Factors influencing patient and health care delays in Oropharyngeal Cancer
Nieminen, M., Atula, T. S., Bäck, L. J. J., Mäkitie, A. A., Jouhi, L., & Aro, K. L. S. (2020) · Journal of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1186/s40463-020-00413-w · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationChallenges in diagnosing head and neck cancer in primary health care
Nieminen, M., Aro, K. L. S., Mäkitie, A. A., Harlin, V., Kainulainen, S., Jouhi, L., & Atula, T. S. (2020) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2020.1802060 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationThe collateral impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer diagnosis
Ballal, Y., Gete, M., Su, J. S., O’Sullivan, B., Waldron, J. N., Irish, J. C., Ringash, J. G., Kim, J., Bratman, S. V., Cho, J., et al. (2023) · Oral Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2023.106332 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Venchiarutti, R. L., Pho, L., Clark, J. R., Palme, C. E., & Young, J. M. (2022) · European Journal of Cancer Care · doi:10.1111/ecc.13718 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The impact of 2 weeks wait referral on survival of head and neck cancer patients
Rovira, A., Russell, B. A., Trivedi, P., Ojo, O., Oakley, R., Byrne, E., Daryanani, A., Hemelrijck, M. V., & Simó, R. (2023) · European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology · doi:10.1007/s00405-023-08152-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sprow, H. N., Heer, B., Nuss, S. R., Jashek‐Ahmed, F., Wiedermann, J. P., & Seguya, A. (2023) · Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1097/moo.0000000000000889 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Factores asociados a la demora diagnóstica en tumores de cabeza y cuello
Matarredona-Quiles, S., de Apodaca, P. M. R., Badía, E. S., Beltrá, N. O., & Galofre, J. D. (2021) · Acta Otorrinolaringológica Española · doi:10.1016/j.otorri.2020.10.001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Vanderhaegen, T., Piérache, A., Mortuaire, G., Rysman, B., Nicot, R., Chevalier, D., & Mouawad, F. (2022) · European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.anorl.2022.03.003 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Atula, M., Aro, K. L. S., Irjala, H., Halme, E., Jouppila‐Mättö, A., Koivunen, P. T., Wilkman, T. S. E., Blomster, H., Mäkitie, A. A., & Atula, T. S. (2023) · Head & Neck · doi:10.1002/hed.27335 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationDiagnostic Delay in Human Papillomavirus Negative Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Karp, E. E., Yin, L. X., O'Byrne, T. J., Lu, L. Y., Routman, D. M., Lester, S. C., Wittich, M. A. N., Ma, D. J., Price, K. A. R., Chintakuntlawar, A. V., et al. (2022) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.30307 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Adaptive Spotted Hyena Optimizer-enabled Deep QNN for Laryngeal Cancer Classification
Sachane, M. N., & Patil, S. A. (2022) · International Conference on Edge Computing and Applications (ICECAA) · doi:10.1109/icecaa55415.2022.9936500 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Causes and impact of delays during the COVID‐19 pandemic on head and neck cancer diagnosis
Gete, M., Huang, S. H., Ringash, J. G., Irish, J. C., Su, J. S., Ballal, Y., Waldron, J. N., Witterick, I., de Almeida, J. R., Hosni, A., et al. (2024) · Head & Neck · doi:10.1002/hed.27784 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Association Between Antibiotic Prescribing and Time to Diagnosis of Head and Neck Cancer
Gallogly, J. A., Armstrong, A. T., Brinkmeier, J. V., Salas, J., Simpson, M. C., Ideker, H. C., Walker, R. J., & Massa, S. T. (2023) · JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2023.2423 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ge, H., Zhang, L., Ma, X., Li, W., & Li, S. (2023) · European Journal of Cancer Care · doi:10.1155/2023/6506917 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“At diferent stages of the illness, patients’ experiences of bodily sensations and symptoms vary [43], thus afecting their psychological responses.”
Factors affecting timeliness in management of head and neck cancer
Kwok, M. M. K., Wong, A. S., & Prasad, J. (2023) · ANZ Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1111/ans.18521 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Machado, B., Barroso, T., & Godinho, J. R. S. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.53039 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Factors associated with diagnosis delay in head and neck cancer
Matarredona-Quiles, S., de Apodaca, P. M. R., Badía, E. S., Beltrá, N. O., & Galofre, J. D. (2022) · Acta Otorrinolaringologica (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.otoeng.2020.10.003 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Potier, A.-L., Leroy, M., Mortuaire, G., Rysman, B., Morisse, M., & Mouawad, F. (2024) · European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.anorl.2024.04.001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Atula, M., Atula, T. S., Aro, K. L. S., Irjala, H., Halme, E., Jouppila‐Mättö, A., Koivunen, P. T., Wilkman, T. S. E., Mäkitie, A. A., Elovainio, M. J., et al. (2024) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-024-12517-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationSzabó, É., Kopjár, E., Rumi, L., Boronkai, Á., Bellyei, S., Gyöngyi, Z., Zemplenyi, A. T., Sütő, B., Girán, J., Kiss, I., et al. (2024) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers16142570 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Diagnostic Delay in HPV-Related Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
McGarey, P. O., Hamdi, O. A., Donaldson, L. B., Zhan, K. Y., Crandley, E. F., Wilson, D. D., Sim, A. J., Read, P. W., Garneau, J. C., Fedder, K. L., et al. (2024) · International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1767795 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Song, J., Lee, Y. O., Park, S., Lee, Y. K., Park, H., & Kim, H.-B. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) · doi:10.1109/bigdata59044.2023.10386634 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ojuka, S., Duhimbaze, A., Nono, S. M., Nangosya, M., Isiiko, J., & Yadesa, T. M. (2026) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-026-15657-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cruz, F. M., & Maria Krystella D. Guevara, M. (2023) · Acta Medica Philippina · doi:10.47895/amp.vi0.8116 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sathiyapriya, S., Shavi, G. R., Sanga, R., Shankar, S., Gunasekaran, L., Rahila, C., & Santhakumari, S. (2024) · Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics · doi:10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_2081_22 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jashaami, M. A. M. A. (2021) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.226717 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hlushchenko, I. (2019) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Vanderhaegen, T., Piérache, A., Mortuaire, G., Rysman, B., Nicot, R., Chevalier, D., & Mouawad, F. (2022) · Annales françaises d Oto-rhino-laryngologie et de Pathologie Cervico-faciale · doi:10.1016/j.aforl.2021.12.010
Predictors of patient delay among upper aerodigestive tract cancer patients in Morocco
Kerouad, J., Mesfioui, A., Ouasmani, F., Kerouad, A., Benazzouz, B., Chbicheb, S., & Errihani, H. H. (2022) · Annals of Cancer Research and Therapy · doi:10.4993/acrt.30.85
Willemsen, A. C. H. (2023) · doi:10.26481/dis.20230324aw
Matsumoto, K., Tanaka, F., & Kumai, Y. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.55715
Atula, M., Atula, T. S., Aro, K. L. S., Irjala, H., Halme, E., Jouppila‐Mättö, A., Koivunen, P. T., Wilkman, T. S. E., Mäkitie, A. A., Elovainio, M. J., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3999282/v1
Self-citationPotier, A.-L., Leroy, M., Mortuaire, G., Rysman, B., Morisse, M., & Mouawad, F. (2024) · Annales françaises d Oto-rhino-laryngologie et de Pathologie Cervico-faciale · doi:10.1016/j.aforl.2024.01.006
Matsumoto, K., Honda, Y., Maeda, T., & Kumai, Y. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.73253
Reimes, N., Bailey, S. E. R., Post, J. B., Kuiper, J. G., van Nieuwenhuizen, B. P., Overbeek, J. A., Willems, S. M., & Takes, R. P. (2025) · Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.canep.2025.102865
Atula, M., Atula, T. S., Aro, K. L. S., Irjala, H., Halme, E., Jouppila‐Mättö, A., Koivunen, P. T., Wilkman, T. S. E., Mäkitie, A., Elovainio, M. J., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26094421
Self-citationPhilip, J. M., & Abraham, H. M. (2026) · Cancer Treatment and Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.ctarc.2026.101386
Benefits of optimizing cooperation in head and neck cancer care in a regional referral network
Schutte, H. W., Labbé, N., van den Broek, G. B., Honings, J., Marres, H. A., Weijs, W. L. J., Steens, S. C. A., Arens, A. I. J., Grunsven, A. C. H. V. E., Driessen, C. M. L., et al. (2026) · European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology · doi:10.1007/s00405-026-10622-0
- Authors
- Nieminen, M., Aro, K., Jouhi, L., Bäck, L., Mäkitie, A., & Atula, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Aro, K.
- Venue
- Acta Oncologica
- Published
- 2018-08-24
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1677-1686
- ISSN
- 0284-186X (ISSN-L)
- 1651-226X
- OpenAlex
- W2888249333
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 1.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Oncologica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Otorhinolaryngology › Head and Neck Cancer Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › COVID-19 and healthcare impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Head and Neck Surgical Oncology
- Keywords
- head and neck cancer, patient delay, expert consultation, hoarseness, dyspnea, neck mass, regional metastases, tumor location, early diagnosis, health-seeking behavior, symptom awareness
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Finland, Head and Neck Neoplasms, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Primary Health Care, Referral and Consultation, Time Factors, Cohort Studies, Young Adult, Time-to-Treatment, Tertiary Care Centers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
