The DOI matches its Crossref record; 91 of the 93 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sometimes You Just Have to Leave: Domestic Threats and Forced Migration, 1964-1989
Open accessAbstract
In this study we explore why persons flee their homes to become refugees and internally displaced persons. We contend that individuals will tend to flee when the integrity of their person is threatened. Further, we argue that they will flee toward countries where they expect conditions to be better. We conduct statistical analyses using fixed effects least squares, on a pooled cross-sectional time-series data set, consisting of data from 129 countries for the years 1964-1989. Our findings support the conclusion that threats to personal integrity are of primary importance in leading people to abandon their homes. Measures of state threats to personal integrity, dissident threats to personal integrity, and joint state-dissident threats each have statistically significant and substantively important effects on migrant production. We also find that countries making moves toward democracy tend to have greater number of forced migrants, once other factors are considered. We conclude the analysis by identifying several lucrative areas for further investigation.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A common denominator of most conflicts, especially those that generate high casualty figures, is widespread forced migration (154-157).”
From Vicious Circles: Violence, Vulnerability, and Climate Change (2021) · cites this paper as [154]
Citations
Cites
Specification Tests in Econometrics
Hausman, J. A. (1978) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1913827 · Cited by 18,820
Southwestern Social Science Association (2010) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/(issn)1540-6237 · Cited by 13,619
Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research
King, G., Keohane, R. O., & Verba, S. (1994) · Princeton University Press · doi:10.1515/9781400821211 · Cited by 7,225
What To Do (and Not to Do) with Time-Series Cross-Section Data
Beck, N., & Katz, J. N. (1995) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/2082979 · Cited by 6,840
Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal
Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G. J., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Taylor, J. E. (1993) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/2938462 · Cited by 5,611
The Rise of Illiberal Democracy
Zakaria, F. (1997) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20048274 · Cited by 2,699
Aldenderfer, M. S., & Blashfield, R. K. (1984) · Cited by 2,358
Hudson, J. C. (1979) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1979.tb01220.x · Cited by 1,377
Tracking Democracy's Third Wave with the Polity III Data
Jaggers, K., & Gurr, T. R. (1995) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343395032004007 · Cited by 1,332
World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators
(1965) · International Affairs · doi:10.1093/ia/41.2.316a · Cited by 1,058
Repression of Human Rights to Personal Integrity in the 1980s: A Global Analysis
Poe, S. C., & Tate, C. N. (1994) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/2082712 · Cited by 940
Self-citationNuisance vs. Substance: Specifying and Estimating Time-Series-Cross-Section Models
Beck, N. L., & Katz, J. N. (1996) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/6.1.1 · Cited by 937
Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts
Fukuyama, F., & Gurr, T. R. (1994) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20046672 · Cited by 907
Regression in Space and Time: A Statistical Essay
Stimson, J. A. (1985) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2111187 · Cited by 899
Poe, S. C., Tate, C. N., & Keith, L. C. (1999) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00121 · Cited by 720
Self-citationDemocratization and the Danger of War
Mansfield, E. D., & Snyder, J. (1995) · International Security · doi:10.2307/2539213 · Cited by 703
Economic Development and International Migration in Comparative Perspective
Massey, D. S. (1988) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/1972195 · Cited by 658
Escape from violence: conflict and the refugee crisis in the developing world
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-4124 · Cited by 646
Davenport, C. (1995) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2111650 · Cited by 623
Self-citationDemocratization and the Danger of War
Wolf, R., Weede, E., Enterline, A. J., Mansfield, E. D., & Snyder, J. (1996) · International Security · doi:10.2307/2539046 · Cited by 607
The Political Economy of Death Squads: Toward a Theory of the Impact of State-Sanctioned Terror
Mason, T. D., & Krane, D. A. (1989) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2600536 · Cited by 522
The Social Process of International Migration
Massey, D. S., & España, F. G. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.237.4816.733 · Cited by 483
Sayrs, L. W. (1989) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412985420 · Cited by 472
Gurr, T. R., & Moore, W. H. (1997) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2960482 · Cited by 444
Self-citationSecurity, Stability, and International Migration
Weiner, M. (1992) · International Security · doi:10.2307/2539131 · Cited by 419
Shacknove, A. E. (1985) · Ethics · doi:10.1086/292626 · Cited by 413
Krain, M. (1997) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002797041003001 · Cited by 406
The Statistical Analysis of Quasi-Experiments.
Bollen, K. A., & Achen, C. H. (1988) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2069714 · Cited by 391
Persistence and Change in Political Systems, 1800–1971
Gurr, T. R. (1974) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1959937 · Cited by 372
The Social and Economic Origins of Immigration
Massey, D. S. (1990) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716290510001005 · Cited by 367
(1985) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1956375 · Cited by 364
Reactive Migration: Sociological Perspectives On Refugee Movements
Richmond, A. H. (1993) · Journal of Refugee Studies · doi:10.1093/jrs/6.1.7 · Cited by 361
The Statistical Analysis of Quasi-Experiments
Achen, C. H. (1986) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520332225 · Cited by 353
Harff, B., & Gurr, T. R. (1988) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2600447 · Cited by 337
Exile and Resettlement: Refugee Theory
Kunz, E. F. (1981) · International Migration Review · doi:10.2307/2545323 · Cited by 302
Exploring the causes of forced migration: a pooled time-series analysis 1971-1990.
Schmeidl, S. (1997) · Social Science Quarterly · Cited by 274
Patterns of Authority: A Structural Basis for Political Inquiry.
Orum, A. M., Eckstein, H., & Gurr, T. R. (1977) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2066447 · Cited by 271
Human Rights and the Democratic Proposition
Davenport, C. (1999) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002799043001006 · Cited by 270
Self-citationWard, M. D., & Gleditsch, K. S. (1998) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/2585928 · Cited by 240
Event Count Models for International Relations: Generalizations and Applications
(2012) · Cited by 224
Bad Neighbors, Bad Neighborhoods: An Inquiry into the Causes of Refugee Flows
Weiner, M. (1996) · International Security · doi:10.1162/isec.21.1.5 · Cited by 211
Global Trends in Migration: Theory and Research on International Population Movements.
L., R., Kritz, M. M., Keely, C. B., & Tomasi, S. M. (1982) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/1973007 · Cited by 208
Accounting for genocide after 1945: Theories and some findings
Fein, H. (1993) · International Journal on Minority and Group Rights · doi:10.1163/157181193x00013 · Cited by 193
:The History of Government from the Earliest Times
Bailey, D. A. (1999) · Sixteenth Century Journal · doi:10.2307/2544785 · Cited by 191
Yap, L. (1977) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-3878(77)90030-x · Cited by 190
Masses in Flight: The Global Crisis of Internal Displacement
Martin, S., Cohen, R., & Deng, F. M. (2000) · International Migration Review · doi:10.2307/2675955 · Cited by 183
Cross-National Statistical Research and the Study of Comparative Politics
Jackman, R. W. (1985) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2111217 · Cited by 178
The Foreign Policy of Human Rights: Rhetoric and Reality from Jimmy Carter to Ronald Reagan
Carleton, D., & Stohl, M. S. (1985) · Human Rights Quarterly · doi:10.2307/762080 · Cited by 172
Racial Violence and Black Migration in the American South, 1910 to 1930
Tolnay, S. E., & Beck, E. M. (1992) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2096147 · Cited by 165
Masses in Flight: The Global Crisis of Internal Displacement
Kunder, J. (1999) · Human Rights Quarterly · doi:10.1353/hrq.1999.0003 · Cited by 158
Political Repression in 19th Century Europe
Armstrong, J. A., & Goldstein, R. J. (1984) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/1866412 · Cited by 147
Forced Migration: Local Conflicts and International Dilemmas
Wood, W. B. (1994) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1994.tb01879.x · Cited by 136
Freedom in the World: Political Rights and Civil Liberties
(2017) · The SHAFR Guide Online · doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim010030043 · Cited by 127
Democracy and civil war: A note on the democratic peace proposition
Krain, M., & Myers, M. E. (1997) · International Interactions · doi:10.1080/03050629708434903 · Cited by 112
The history of government from the earliest times
Lovenduski, J. (1998) · Democratization · doi:10.1080/13510349808403591 · Cited by 107
Correlates of War Project: International and Civil War Data, 1816-1992
Singer, J. D., & Small, M. (1994) · ICPSR Data Holdings · doi:10.3886/icpsr09905 · Cited by 105
World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators III: 1948-1982
Taylor, C. L., & Jodice, D. A. (1984) · ICPSR Data Holdings · doi:10.3886/icpsr07761 · Cited by 103
Systematic Early Warning of Humanitarian Emergencies
Harff, B., & Gurr, T. R. (1998) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343398035005002 · Cited by 101
Global Human Rights: Public Policies, Comparative Measures, and NGO Strategies
Nanda, V. P. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429052118 · Cited by 101
Stanley, W. D. (1987) · Latin American Research Review · doi:10.1017/s0023879100016459 · Cited by 89
Violence or Economics: What Drives Internal Migration in Guatemala?
Morrison, A. R. (1993) · Economic Development and Cultural Change · doi:10.1086/452049 · Cited by 86
Freedom in the World: 1996-1997: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties
Karatnycky, A. (1998) · Cited by 85
Leus, X. R., Wallace, J., & Loretti, A. (2001) · Prehospital and Disaster Medicine · doi:10.1017/s1049023x00025851 · Cited by 76
State Violation of Human Rights: Issues and Problems of Measurement
Stohl, M. S., Carleton, D., Lopez, G. Α., & Samuels, S. B. (1986) · Human Rights Quarterly · doi:10.2307/762194 · Cited by 73
Global Trends in Migration: Theory and Research on International Population Movements.
Gardner, R., Kritz, M. M., Keely, C. B., & Tomasi, S. M. (1983) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2068696 · Cited by 71
Escape from Terror: Violence and Migration in Post-Revolutionary Guatemala
Morrison, A. R., & May, R. A. (1994) · Latin American Research Review · doi:10.1017/s0023879100024146 · Cited by 71
Political Science and the Enlightenment of Enthusiasm
Farr, J. (1988) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1958058 · Cited by 66
Human Rights Abuses: Precursor to Refugee Flight?
Apodaca, C. (1998) · Journal of Refugee Studies · doi:10.1093/jrs/11.1.80 · Cited by 66
Escape from terror: violence and migration in post-revolutionary Guatemala.
Ar, M., & Ra, M. (1994) · Latin American Research Review · Cited by 63
Human Rights and Developing Countries
Webster, C., & Cingranelli, D. L. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429449468-14 · Cited by 59
Immigrants and Refugees: Their Similarities, Differences, and Needs
Bernard, W. S. (1976) · International Migration · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.1976.tb00947.x · Cited by 59
Newland, K. (1993) · Survival · doi:10.1080/00396339308442675 · Cited by 51
War, Accommodation, and Violence in the United States, 1890–1970
Rasler, K. (1986) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1960545 · Cited by 51
The Early Warning of Humanitarian Disasters: Problems in Building an Early Warning System
Schmeidl, S., & Jenkins, J. C. (1998) · International Migration Review · doi:10.1177/019791839803200208 · Cited by 46
Repression and Accommodation in Post-Revolutionary States
Krain, M. (2000) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780312299538 · Cited by 41
Internally Displaced People: A Global Survey
Madsen, C. (2003) · Journal of Refugee Studies · doi:10.1093/jrs/16.2.222 · Cited by 40
N.Parrillo, V., & van den Berghe, P. L. (1992) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2580217 · Cited by 39
Smith, M. H. (1977) · International Affairs · doi:10.2307/2616235 · Cited by 37
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-1138 · Cited by 36
War and domestic political violence : the American capacity for repression and reaction
Stohl, M. S. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 35
Flight from Violence: The Origins and Implications of the World Refugee Crisis
Jenkins, J. C., & Schmeidl, S. (1995) · Sociological Focus · doi:10.1080/00380237.1995.10571039 · Cited by 31
Migrants, refugees and foreign policy: Prevention and intervention strategies
Weiner, M., & Münz, R. (1997) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436599715046 · Cited by 29
Down and Out in Warsaw and Budapest: Eastern Europe and East-West Migration
Larrabee, F. S. (1992) · International Security · doi:10.2307/2539186 · Cited by 21
Study on human rights and massive exoduses
Khan, S. A., & Exoduses, M. (1981) · Cited by 21
Schmeidl, S. (1995) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 18
Early Warning of Disastrous Population Movement
Gordenker, L. (1986) · International Migration Review · doi:10.1177/019791838602000203 · Cited by 16
The Early Warning of Humanitarian Disasters: Problems in Building an Early Warning System
Schmeidl, S., & Jenkins, J. C. (1998) · International Migration Review · doi:10.2307/2547192 · Cited by 12
Jonassohn, K. (1993) · Holocaust and Genocide Studies · doi:10.1093/hgs/7.1.1 · Cited by 8
Repression and Accommodation in Post-Revolutionary States
Conge, P. J. (2001) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2657837 · Cited by 5
A Cross-Polily Survey, by Arthur S. Banks and Robert B. Textor
Verba, S. (1965) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2147724 · Cited by 4
Principales patrones de migración interna en Guatemala, 1964
Zárate, A. O. (1967) · Cited by 1
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 93 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 18
- 1977, Amnesty International Report
- Banks Arthur, 1998, The Cross-Polity National Survey
- Bennett Jon, 1998, Forced Migration Review, 1, 1
- Carmack Robert, 1988, Harvest of Violence: The Maya Indians and the Guatemala Crisis
- Clark L., 1983, Early Warning of Refugee Mass Influx Emergencies
- Clark L., 1989, Early Warning of Refugee Flaws
- 1976, The Europa Year Book
- Gastil Raymond D., 1980, Freedom in the World: Political Rights and Civil Liberties 1980
- Gibney Mark, 1996, Whither Refugee? The Refugee Crisis: Problems and Solutions
- 10.2307/2546030 · DOI
- Gurr Ted Robert, 1989, Polity II Codebook photocopy
- Hakorirta Harto, 1986, Third World Conflicts and Refugeeism: Dimensions, Dynamics, and Trends of the World Refugee Problem
- 10.2307/2600534 · DOI
- Rummel Rudolph J., 1997, Power Kills
- Stohl Michael, 1983, The State as Terrorist: The Dynamics of Government Violence and Repression
- 1999, World Refugee Survey, 1999
- 1977, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
- 10.2307/2539107 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Refugees and the Spread of Civil War
Salehyan, I., & Gleditsch, K. S. (2006) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818306060103 · Cited by 946
The Sociology of Refugee Migration
FitzGerald, D. S., & Arar, R. (2018) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041204 · Cited by 388
Bogus Refugees? The Determinants of Asylum Migration to Western Europe
Neumayer, E. (2005) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2005.00370.x · Cited by 325
Moore, W. H., & Shellman, S. M. (2004) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002704267767 · Cited by 356
Self-citationThe Unequal Burden of War: The Effect of Armed Conflict on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy
Plümper, T., & Neumayer, E. (2006) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818306060231 · Cited by 269
Metadata
- Authors
- Davenport, C., Moore, W., & Poe, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Florida State University (US)
- University of North Texas (US)
- ORCID
- Moore, Will
- Venue
- International Interactions
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2003-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 27-55
- ISSN
- 0305-0629 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-7444
- OpenAlex
- W2056037267
- Cited by
- 373
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 15.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Interactions (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- ICPSR Data Holdings
- Funders
- Florida State University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration, Refugees, and Integration
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration and Exile Studies
- Keywords
- forced migration, refugees, internally displaced persons, personal integrity, political violence, democratization, migration determinants
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review