The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 48 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe
Open accessAbstract
This article examines the empirical facts about the actual outcome of Zimbabwe's land reform, based on years of field research. It shows that the popular assumption about failed land reform in Zimbabwe is wrong on several counts: the character of Zimbabwe's land reform has been redistributive, and the extent of this has been wide enough to trigger significant progressive changes in the agrarian structure. This is despite some elites having benefited from the process and foreign-owned agro-industrial estates and conservancies being retained. The distribution of land among land reform beneficiaries has been relatively uneven, with some receiving larger land allocations than others, and this in turn influenced the differentiated access of these groups to farming services and infrastructure. Yet the productivity of small producers has grown slowly with output escalating recently. Three decades of land reform has recast land-based social relations in important ways, with the poor gaining more than previously believed.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper argues that Zimbabwe’s three decades of land reform, especially the post-2000 Fast Track programme, produced a broadly redistributive shift in land ownership that benefited many poor rural and urban households, not only political elites. It also documents uneven outcomes: agricultural output fell heterogeneously, class and gender/ethnic/nationality inequalities persisted, and farm workers and tenure security remained major unresolved problems.
Key findings
- By 2009, 6,214 farms covering more than 10 million ha had been acquired; 168,671 families received land, including 145,775 A1 and 22,896 A2 allocations. A1 beneficiaries averaged about 20 ha and held 70% of transferred land; by 2010 over 22,000 A2 beneficiaries had plots averaging about 100 ha. Between 1980 and 2009, over 13 of 15 million ha controlled by about 6,000 white farmers in 1980 went to over 240,000 families.
- The redistribution was more pro-poor than critics claim: 70% of beneficiaries were on A1 small family farms; war veterans were less than 8% of beneficiaries; urban beneficiaries were 20–30%; 70% were unemployed, mainly rural. Women’s own-right land ownership rose to 12–18%, compared with 4% of white women on LSCF land and 5% of black women in earlier resettlement/communal areas.
- Agriculture did not simply collapse: by 2008 volume output was about 50% lower and value about 60% lower; among 15 key commodities declines ranged from under 10% to 70% of 1990s averages. Cereal output averaged 30–65% of national requirements and about 65% of 1990s levels; smallholder maize was around 65% of domestic needs and about 15% below 1990s average, while cotton, groundnuts and beans were relatively resilient.
- Exclusions and insecurities persisted: about 10% of land beneficiaries were former farm workers; roughly 100,000 former farm workers remained as insecure residents and 45,000 were displaced squatters; 68% of farm workers cited lack of secure land as a key problem. By 2006, 78.5% had offer letters, but 13.9% doubted tenure security and 17% were uncertain; 16% had faced eviction threats.
Methods
- Combines local sub-district field surveys from 2002–2004, an AIAS national baseline survey in 2005–2006 across six districts, and field visits in 2007 and 2009, plus secondary local/national data since 2000.
- Household interviews covered 2,089 A1 and A2 households (79% A1) and 761 farm workers (414 former, 347 new), using questionnaires, key informant interviews, focus groups, observations and open interviews.
- The article presents the macro picture; district-level details are being considered for separate publication.
Limitations
- The paper states it focuses on the macro picture and leaves wider district-level survey details to a separate paper; it also notes data on ethno-regional access to land remain weak and research has not yet quantified the quality of women’s land access under patriarchy.
- The text acknowledges that multiple/oversized holdings and subletting/fronting are concealed and difficult to verify, and that political party affiliation is elusive to measure; these make some distributional and political claims uncertain.
- Evident from the text: reliance on self-reported survey responses and incomplete/unallocated land records, plus ongoing litigation and informal land arrangements, limits precise measurement of tenure security and redistribution outcomes.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These unacquired lands represent a combination of export-focused agro-industrial plantations and conservancies and mining farmlands owned by transnational corporations.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
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In the paper
“This stands in stark contrast to the pre-1980 and pre-1999 situations when agricultural lands were predominantly held by the LSCF farms and large estates.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
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In the paper
“At that point white farmers comprised about four percent of the new large 'commercial' farming sector (comprising A2 landholders, agro-industrial estates and conservancies).”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Race, gender, ethnicity and nationality
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In the paper
“Nevertheless, about 1.7 million hectares had not yet been acquired by 2009.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
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In the paper
“In area terms, the Germans, Dutch, Swiss and Italians collectively held 70 percent of the total foreign-owned farms.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Race, gender, ethnicity and nationality
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 267Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The original FTLRP target of expropriating five million hectares has been overtaken.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
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In the paper
“the bulk (65 percent) of which were from nine European nations”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Race, gender, ethnicity and nationality
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 267Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although 70 of the farms (25 percent) were below 300 hectares in size.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Race, gender, ethnicity and nationality
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 267Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seventy percent of these beneficiaries are in A1 farms -or the small-scale family farm units.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
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In the paper
“The land reform was not free of corruption, as some evidence points to a few elites within the state farming apparatus and others connected to them monopolising the benefits from state estates, including the grazing of livestock on unutilised state farms.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 70
- Probably not a substantial claim. 19
- Borderline: one of the tests for a substantial claim is unclear. 1
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The FTLRP phase of the land reform officially benefited 168,671 families, comprising mainly the rural poor and their urban counterparts across 9.2 million hectares.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 168,671Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Land redistribution also brought along increased access to and better distribution of the benefits from natural resources such as water, indigenous forests and wildlife, as well as other social benefits realised from such resources.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the bulk (over 70 percent) of this land has since been redistributed mostly to A1 and A2 beneficiaries as of 2010.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some of the better-off black middle class, entrepreneurs and political elites also gained land, sometimes claiming to be 'landless', due to past racial-and class-based segregation and exclusions.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The scale of state farming land decreased to about 115,601 hectares while the private transfers to a few black capitalist farmers with LSCF amounted to 530,632 hectares.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These families acquired an average 20 hectares of land, and hold 70 percent of the transferred land, through the A1 schemes.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By 2010 over 22,000 new small, medium, and large-scale capitalists also benefited with relatively larger plots averaging about 100 hectares under the A2 scheme.This scheme had benefited, about 16,000 families in 2008.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 16,000Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By 2009, 6,214 farmland properties covering above 10 million hectares were being acquired, but not all were allocated, and 168,671 families gained land (see Table 1).”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 168,671Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The FTLRP chose not to redistribute these lands but to expand them, even though there are popular demands for such land.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, the large agro-industrial plantations or estates and conservancies were not substantively expropriated, although they lost some land and/or were partially 'illegally' occupied.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Between 1980 and 2009, over 13 of the 15 million hectares of land, which in 1980 were controlled mostly by 6,000 white farmers, had been transferred to over 240,000 families of largely rural origin, but in a relatively differentiated manner (Table 2).”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By 2009, less than 400 individually owned white farms remained.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Meanwhile, the GoZ (MLRR 2009) reports that there are over 100,000 people on its waiting lists for land, indicating that there is still very high demand for land despite the redistribution, especially when we add the demands for residential land in urban and rural areas.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites MLRR 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedn = 100,000Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“A larger proportion of women, between 12 and 18 percent, now own land in their own right (Buka 2002, Utete 2003, GoZ 2007), compared to the four percent of white women who owned LSCF lands (Rugube et al. 2003, Moyo 1998) and the five percent of black women who controlled the land in previous resettlement areas and communal lands (see Figure 1).”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Race, gender, ethnicity and nationality
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Buka 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Utete 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites GoZ 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result of land redistribution, about 13 percent of Zimbabwe's entire agricultural land is now held by a range of middle-scale farmers (on A2, LSCF and small-scale commercial farms [SSCF]), while over 70 percent is held by small farm producers (in the Communal Areas, in A1 areas and in informal settlements), and only 11 percent is held by large farms and estates.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the LSCF were multiple farm owners with average landholdings above 1,000 hectares”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Roots of class differentiation after land redistribution
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Middle farms range in size from about 50 to 150 hectares, combine draught and mechanical power, use relatively more hired labour alongside family labour, and crop relatively larger areas (with fertilisers) than small producers.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Roots of class differentiation after land redistribution
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The numbers of peasants and small-to medium-scale farmers increased, and together they control over 80 percent of the land, leading to a significantly reduced number of large-scale farms and estates.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > New agrarian structure and changing agrarian relations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“By 2006 up to 78.5 percent of the land beneficiaries confirmed having 'land offer letters', while the rest claimed to have already received GoZ lease documents and title deeds (Moyo et al. 2009, Mhishi 2007), 7”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land tenure security
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Moyo et al. 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Mhishi 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fewer than 25 percent of beneficiaries continue to retain their formal employment, with most of these having originated from urban areas.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Roots of class differentiation after land redistribution
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The land tenure system is socially differentiated as the A2 beneficiaries are provided long lease contracts while the A1 beneficiaries get vague permits.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land tenure security
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is also a new wave of large-scale foreign investments in agriculture, mainly on the remaining private estates, the DTZ and state estates.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Race, gender, ethnicity and nationality
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the membership of political parties has been malleable over the last decade, and it is a highly elusive variable to measure given the sensitivities and multiple tactical allegiances.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land access and political party affiliation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The dilemma facing the policy elites by 2002 was that over 50,000 people had applied for A2 plots, far more than the 8,000 who had been offered land (Utete 2003).”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Roots of class differentiation after land redistribution
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Utete 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 50,000Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main process of change has been the expansion in number and area of small cultivators and the expansion of the new 'middle farmer', 6 at the expense of the few formerly 6”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Roots of class differentiation after land redistribution
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smaller segment of large-scale capitalist farmers now includes both black and white farmers, but their landholdings have been substantially downsized to an average of 700 hectares, compared to the average of 2,000 hectares held by large-scale landowners in the past.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > New agrarian structure and changing agrarian relations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“About 26 percent of the A1 land beneficiaries shared land, while only 15 percent of the A2 households did (Moyo et al. 2009).”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > 7
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Moyo et al. 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Nonetheless about 10 percent of the land beneficiaries were former farm workers who were allocated A1 or A2 plots, some as farm workers, a few as 'land occupiers' (Sadomba 2008, Moyo et al. 2009), and others as members of communal area structures rather than as farm workers (Chambati 2009).”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Agricultural workers: exclusions based on migrancy and nationality
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sadomba 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Moyo et al. 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Chambati 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most beneficiaries came from rural areas, largely from Communal Areas, with some from the farm worker populations in LSCF areas.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Roots of class differentiation after land redistribution
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a follow-up assessment of the land tenure right, a 99year lease document has been given to some A2 landholders, while an A1 permit is still to be issued.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > 7
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From 2003, the state mounted an extensive scheme to promote agricultural mechanisation.But it was the medium to large new farmers who got the lion's share of this.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Has agriculture been 'destroyed' or 'transformed'?
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A substantial number of the agro-industrial estates, conservancies, foreign owned farms and a few white LSCFs were retained, although they are outnumbered by and have less land than the small-to medium-scale farms.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Maize and cotton yields in Zimbabwe declined most, with small producer maize yields below one tonne per hectare (FAO 2008(FAO , 2009) ) and middle farmers yields below three tonnes per hectare, in comparison to the dryland potential of ten tonnes per hectare (Rukuni et al. 2009).”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Has agriculture been 'destroyed' or 'transformed'?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites FAO 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Rukuni et al. 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Even the maize produced, largely by small farmers, comprised around 65 percent of domestic requirements during most non-drought years, and was barely 15 percent below the average levels of maize production during the 1990s (Moyo 2011).”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Has agriculture been 'destroyed' or 'transformed'?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Moyo 2011 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The pre-2000 average agricultural production levels provide a valid baseline for measuring post-2000 production decline.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some agricultural capital stock such as irrigation infrastructure, processing facilities and machinery and equipment that were on the former farms were disabled during the fast track process, and this had had some effect on constraining production levels; however some of the new farmers acquired some of these technologies from former farmers.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Has agriculture been 'destroyed' or 'transformed'?
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the large-scale private agricultural lands owned by the minority white large-scale farmers and foreign capital in large estates was expropriated and allocated largely free of charge to mainly poor non-landed beneficiaries, as well as to numerous 'middle class' and some 'black elite' beneficiaries.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was also an upsurge in the production of some critical food crops, such as dry edible beans (see Table 10), as well as of small stock rearing.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Has agriculture been 'destroyed' or 'transformed'?
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Since the GoZ abandoned structural adjustment in 1996, its relations with the West have been polarised, leading to major contradictions with capital.The Bretton Woods loans and other forms of aid were cut, Western capital retreated, and a sanctions regime was elaborated, while material support was given to the opposition (see Elich 2002, Mamdani 2008).”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Agrarian politics and neoliberal reformism
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Elich 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Mamdani 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Agricultural production in volume terms had declined by about 50 percent in 2008 -by closer to 60 percent in foreign exchange or general value terms -although among the 15 key agricultural commodities, output declines varied from between less than 10 percent to 70 percent of the 1990s average levels of production.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Has agriculture been 'destroyed' or 'transformed'?
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The pre-2000 average agricultural production levels provide a valid baseline for measuring post-2000 production decline.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Disaggregated labour hiring patterns (Chambati and Moyo 2009) suggest that about 26 percent of land beneficiaries use hired labour intensively, while on average most households command family labour pools of 3.5 persons (see Table 5).”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > New agrarian structure and changing agrarian relations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chambati and Moyo 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Table 5
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While, the level of agricultural tractorisation in Zimbabwe (at 75 per km 2 ) also varies by sub-sector, and is relatively low compared to South Africa, cropped areas of grains did not decline, except for wheat because of its specific mechanisation deficits.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Has agriculture been 'destroyed' or 'transformed'?
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2000, agricultural land legalistically refers to the 11.7 million hectares of LSCF, although in practice the 16.4 million hectares of the Communal Areas are functionally agricultural lands, bringing the entire area of Zimbabwe's agricultural land to 28.1 million hectares.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > New agrarian structure and changing agrarian relations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The heterodox plan did not seem to be adequately coordinated, especially in relation to food production and exports, and it soon faced implementation problems, including the general evasion of the controls (e.g. in maize marketing) and countervailing 'underground' trade and petty businesses.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Has agriculture been 'destroyed' or 'transformed'?
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Undoubtedly, fewer than expected farm workers gained land rights.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since 2009, the Inclusive Government has not secured the requisite willingness, orientation, and capacity to effect the desired interventionist agrarian policies, nor has it effectively mobilised popular social forces in support of egalitarian agrarian reform in favour of domestic accumulation, expanded employment and a growing home market.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Agrarian politics and neoliberal reformism
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately, a quarter of the remaining large scale farms are registered as private companies.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Conclusion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but the food production base has expanded and has shown signs of increased growth since 2009.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Freed from depending on the few LSCF employers, farm labour is now employed by a diverse range of smaller farm employers and in non-farm self-employment and paid activities.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The productivity of the small and medium farm sector grew slowly since 2000 as compared to previous levels, but the food production base has expanded and has shown signs of increased growth since”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearBorderline substantial claim. It is unclear why the paper says it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The pre-2000 average agricultural production levels provide a valid baseline for measuring post-2000 production decline.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These foreign land holdings were relatively large in scale compared to the wider land grabbing that is underway in Africa.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Race, gender, ethnicity and nationality
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since demographically the white population, which is less than 75,000, is well below half a percent of the total population, if former white farmers constitute at least one percent of A2 farmers, or about 100 of the remaining LSCF farmers (excluding the mainly foreign white-owned large agro-industrial corporations), then their representation would be proportionate.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Race, gender, ethnicity and nationality
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“By 1999 Zimbabwe had about 4,500 LSCF (Large-Scale Commercial Farms) farmers, including individually operated and corporate farms and estates (plantations).These 4,500 'farmers' owned over 9,000 farmland properties with separate title deeds”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rutherford 2001
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, access to land, particularly in the A2 scheme, tended to be partly shaped by ethno-regional affinities throughout all the provinces, although the policy was that the A2 scheme was 'national'.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Race, gender, ethnicity and nationality
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“land reform was, for some, intended to 'deracialise' commercial farming (Nkomo 2001).”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Nkomo 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The post-2000 land reform has resulted in a range of exclusions and inclusions, resulting in a highly differentiated pattern.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Race, gender, ethnicity and nationality
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Redistributive land reforms would, it was argued, breakdown the territorial and social segregation of Communal Areas from former large-scale commercial farming areas in terms of local administration and land tenure regulation, and enable the free flow of people, goods, services, and livestock between them.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the last three decades, Zimbabwe implemented land reform in three phases.The first phase, lasting through 1985, consisted of market sales of land led by state land acquisition and redistribution.It also entailed intensive illegal land occupations.”
- Also stated in: § Land redistribution over three decades · plain
“The second phase, from 1986 until 1999, through the era of the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP), enabled the state to acquire some land through expropriation and market mechanisms.”
- Also stated in: § Land redistribution over three decades · plain
“The third, FTLRP phase, which began in 2000 and entailed intensive land expropriation alongside 'illegal land occupations', has continued until 2010.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Land redistribution over three decades · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This reflects a simmering ethnicised intra-class competition for land, replicating incipient tendencies in the 1990s (Moyo 1995(Moyo , 1999)).”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Race, gender, ethnicity and nationality
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Moyo 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Moyo 1999 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More critically, redistributive land reform in Zimbabwe was conceived to relieve landlessness and 'overcrowding'.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Land redistribution over three decades
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women mostly benefited from access to land as spouses, implying a subordinate level of control over such land.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Race, gender, ethnicity and nationality
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless any degree of the incidence of multiple land holding is non-compliant with policy and diminishes the redistributive character of the land reform.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Roots of class differentiation after land redistribution
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FTLRP's policy objective was redistributive land reform.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social differentiation in access to land also had a class dimension, such that the outcome has the potential to reconfigure class formation processes.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Roots of class differentiation after land redistribution
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings confirm the shift towards increased demand for land that occurred in the context of declining formal employment and wages under structural adjustment in the 1990s, as well as an urban response to the deepening economic crises that evolved during the 2000s.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Roots of class differentiation after land redistribution
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Excessive money printing drove hyperinflation which reinforced this 'informalisation' process, alongside the corruption of some in authority.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Has agriculture been 'destroyed' or 'transformed'?
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prospect for progressive agrarian reform in Zimbabwe is promising although this has been circumscribed by a combination of forces, including the recent strains in the relations between local capital and the state apparatus, and the reaction of local and foreign capital to the replacement of the economically conservative and politically reactionary former landowners, who have retained strong”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Agrarian politics and neoliberal reformism
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although this was ascribed to the absence of 'investor confidence', the 'risks of doing business in Zimbabwe' and the absence of land tenure security, both international isolation and sanctions and the retreat of capital played critical roles in engendering this downward spiral.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Has agriculture been 'destroyed' or 'transformed'?
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, the extent of redistribution was wide enough to significantly alter property relations in terms of relative land distribution and the socialisation of property rights, in turn triggering dynamic changes in agrarian social relations.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Re-peasantisation has therefore been a significant phenomenon of agrarian change under fast-track land reform, with the entry of urban working class elements into the A1 and resettlement schemes, leading to the growth of a class of new petty commodity producers, which now account for 93.7 percent of total new farming establishments (Moyo and Yeros 2005).”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > New agrarian structure and changing agrarian relations
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Moyo and Yeros 2005 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Agrarian politics after the peak of FTLRP land transfers in 2004 shifted from the inter-class and intra-class (white-black) contests over access to land towards competing claims for and access to public resources for agrarian accumulation and social reproduction.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Agrarian politics and neoliberal reformism
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the outcome being generally progressive, a key regressive feature is the substantial enlargement of the upper middle and elite class beneficiaries, most of whom call for even larger land allocations under freehold tenure.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The latter which is akin to 'share-cropping' appears to have replaced agricultural credit in scale, given the financial isolation of Zimbabwe (i.e. through a range of 'sanctions').”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Agrarian politics and neoliberal reformism
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This pattern of low levels of mechanization, fertilizer and pesticide utilization suggests a regression in the agricultural technological transition, and in part accounts for the decline in crop productivity.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Has agriculture been 'destroyed' or 'transformed'?
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly the land and labour rights of farm workers remain poor.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > New agrarian structure and changing agrarian relations
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Production levels remain below expectations, largely due to the shortages of fertilisers, irrigation facilities and draft power arising from reduced domestic agro-industrial input supply capacities and foreign exchange constraints on imports.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Agrarian production relations have been restructured by broadening the food and export production base, although this is characterised by critical inequalities in access to agricultural inputs, public subsidies and finance, contingent on an unfolding social differentiation among the beneficiaries within the bi-modal agrarian reform policy.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is particularly relevant for other former settler-colonial countries.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is not surprising, given that Zimbabwe's land reform did not lead to the comprehensive dissolution of the political power of large agrarian capital, which operates in tandem with international capital.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Agrarian politics and neoliberal reformism
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the state apparatus has been overwhelmed by middle class black 'empowerment' demands, reflecting the qualitative shifts in the nature of state power, which the new farmers are constituent parts of and directly lobby.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Agrarian politics and neoliberal reformism
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This played a critical role in the wider economic collapse of Zimbabwe, and in the shift in the correlation of forces around agrarian radicalism and neoliberal inspired regime change.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Agrarian politics and neoliberal reformism
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The redistributive outcome, however, entailed critical class-and gender-based distributional biases, reflecting unequal class-based patriarchal power.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“alternative sources of financing Zimbabwe's agrarian reform have been limited”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reforms in Zimbabwe entailed the mobilisation of both popular direct action for land reform and an expropriation policy, and the state sought to meet both the popular demands for land and those of the middle classes, the bureaucracy and national elites.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, the Zimbabwe experience illustrates that even under neoliberalism, the potential for radical land reform exists, especially where land ownership grievances relate to minority racial and foreign dominance in addition to class difference.”
§ Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The FTLRP's policy objective was redistributive land reform.
“how this contradicts the policy objective of redistributive land reform”
The paper relies on this without support.
The land occupations after the FTLRP were illegal.
“illegal land occupiers”
The paper relies on this without support.
The pre-2000 average agricultural production levels provide a valid baseline for measuring post-2000 production decline.
“Agricultural production of Zimbabwe's 15 main commodities, in terms of their value and volumes produced by most farmers, had by 2009 fallen below the pre-2000 average levels, in a highly heterogeneous manner (see Table 9).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The AIAS Baseline Survey (2007) data on investments is representative of land reform beneficiaries in Zimbabwe.
“Contrary to the impression that new farmers were not investing on the new land due to land tenure insecurity and collateral issues, survey data shows that there has been substantial investment (see Table 10).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Zimbabwe's controversial land reform of 2000 transferred over 10 million hectares of land to around 146,000 smallholder farm families (in so -called A1 resettlement areas) and 23,000 medium -scale farms (A2 resettlements)”
From Tobacco, contract farming, and agrarian change in Zimbabwe (2018) · cites this paper as Moyo, 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Reported average plot size is below the A1 average
MinorThe paper reports an average of 20 hectares for the beneficiary families, but even the A1 figures in Table 2 give 39.5 hectares per beneficiary. The average across A1 and A2 beneficiaries would be higher still.
Reported 20 · recomputed 39.507138
“These families acquired an average 20 hectares of land, and hold 70 percent of the transferred land, through the A1 schemes.”
Masvingo's A2 percentage does not match its count
MinorTable 1 gives Masvingo 1,348 A2 beneficiaries and an A2 total of 22,896. Its share is 5.9%, rather than the 34.5% printed in the provincial row.
Reported 34.5 · recomputed 5.887491
“| Masvingo | 485 | 7.8 1,961,805 18.1 33,197 22.8 1,348 34.5 34,545 20.5 |”
Citations
Cites
Class Dynamics of Agrarian Change
Bernstein, H. (2010) · doi:10.1515/9781565494077 · Cited by 1,130
Class Dynamics of Agrarian Change
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Metadata
- Authors
- Moyo, S.
- Corresponding author
- Moyo, Sam
- Venue
- Journal of Peasant Studies
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-07
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 493-531
- ISSN
- 0306-6150 (ISSN-L)
- 1743-9361
- OpenAlex
- W1987944545
- Semantic Scholar
- 04be7ab6b4db901c57685aa487c3a7f50efc5d1a
- Cited by
- 253
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 41.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Peasant Studies (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › African studies and sociopolitical issues
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Land Rights and Reforms
- Social Sciences › Development › Agriculture, Land Use, Rural Development
- Keywords
- land reform, land redistribution, Zimbabwe, agrarian structure, land allocation, smallholder productivity, land reform beneficiaries, conservancies
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