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Doxorubicin-sanguinarine nanoparticles: formulation and evaluation of breast cancer cell apoptosis and cell cycle

El-Readi, Mahmoud Zaki, Abdulkarim, Majed Abdurhman, Abdellatif, Ahmed A. H., Elzubeir, Mohamed E., Refaat, Bassem, Althubiti, Mohammad, Almaimani, Riyad Adnan, Mukhtar, Mohammed Hasan, Al-Moraya, Issa Saad, Eid, Safaa Yehia·2025·Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy
DOI 10.1080/03639045.2024.2302557
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Abstract

Background Therapeutic resistance fails cancer treatment. Drug-nanoparticle combinations overcome resistance. Sanguinarine-conjugated nanoparticles may boost sanguinarine's anticancer effects. Methods Sanguinarine, HPMC-NPs, and doxorubicin were tested on Adriamycin-resistant MCF-7/ADR breast cancer cells, parent-sensitive MCF-7, and MCR-5 normal cells (DX). Results Regular distribution, 156 nm diameter, 50 = 1.4 μM) more than MCF-7/ADR cells (IC 50 = 27 μM) with RR = 19.3. SA and SN were more toxic to MCF-7/ADR cells (overexpressed with P-gp) than their sensitive parent MCF-7 cells (IC 50 = 4 μM, RR = 0.6 and 0.6 μM, RR = 0.7). MCR-5 normal lung cells were more resistant to SA (IC 50 = 7.2 μM) and SN (IC 50 = 1.6 μM) with a selection index > 2. Synergistic cytotoxic interactions reduced the IC 50 from 27 μM to 1.6 (CI = 0.1) and 0.9 (CI = 0.4) after DX and nontoxic dosages (IC 20 ) of SA and SN. DS and SN killed 27.1% and 39.4% more cells than DX (7.7%), SA (4.9%), SN (5.5%), or untreated control (0.3%). DS and DSN lowered CCND1 and survival in MCF-7/ADR cells while raising p21 and Casp3 gene and protein expression. Conclusions Cellular and molecular studies suggested adjuvant chemosensitizers SA and SN to reverse MDR in breast cancer cells.

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Metadata

Authors
El-Readi, M. Z., Abdulkarim, M. A., Abdellatif, A. A. H., Elzubeir, M. E., Refaat, B., Althubiti, M., Almaimani, R. A., Mukhtar, M. H., Al-Moraya, I. S., & Eid, S. Y.
Venue
Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2024-01-10
Volume
51
Issue
9
Pages
987-1001
ISSN
  • 0363-9045
  • 1520-5762
DOI
10.1080/03639045.2024.2302557
Cited by
11
References
0
Language
en
Funders
Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia (IFP22UQU4340212DSR168)

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Doxorubicin-sanguinarine nanoparticles: formulation and evaluation of breast cancer cell apoptosis and cell cycle. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/03639045.2024.2302557
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El-Readi, M. Z., Abdulkarim, M. A., Abdellatif, A. A. H., Elzubeir, M. E., Refaat, B., Althubiti, M., Almaimani, R. A., Mukhtar, M. H., Al-Moraya, I. S., & Eid, S. Y. (2025). Doxorubicin-sanguinarine nanoparticles: formulation and evaluation of breast cancer cell apoptosis and cell cycle. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. https://doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2024.2302557