Cited by 77Genetically Modified Organisms ResearchCRISPR and Genetic EngineeringCarcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment

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Genetic Variation and Unintended Risk in the Context of Old and New Breeding Techniques

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Singer, Stacy D., Laurie, John D., Bilichak, Andriy, Kumar, Santosh, Singh, Jaswinder·2021·Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences

DOI 10.1080/07352689.2021.1883826

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Abstract

For thousands of years, humans have been improving crops to better suit their needs. These enhancements are driven by changes in the genetic makeup of the plant. While this was initially unintentional, there has been a steady push to increase the pace and precision of crop breeding, something that has occurred alongside a growing understanding of genetics and an escalating capacity to thoroughly assess genomes at the molecular level. With the advent and rapid uptake of molecular breeding techniques, such as transgenics and genome editing over the past few decades, there has been much trepidation regarding the possibility of off-target effects derived from unanticipated mutations at loci other than those intended for alteration, and the unintended risks that this might confer. These concerns persist regardless of the fact that a growing number of studies indicate that the occurrence of off-target mutations derived from newer biotechnological breeding techniques are negligible compared to what is observed with many conventional breeding approaches, and even spontaneously from one generation to the next. Given the impending food security crisis that we are facing in the short-term, there is a critical need to implement a wide range of breeding tools as a means of meeting growing demand, withstanding climate change-related pressures, increasing nutrition, and providing environmental benefits. While food safety is clearly of the utmost importance, now is certainly not the time to prevent the use of particular breeding technologies based on unfounded doubts. Therefore, in this review, we attempt to shed light on these apprehensions by putting purported "risks" into the context of plant breeding as a whole by comparing frequencies of spontaneous mutations with those (both anticipated and unanticipated) that occur through various conventional and biotechnological breeding approaches, including transgenics and genome editing. We then consider how these changes may, or may not, translate into unanticipated risk, and discuss the current global regulatory asynchrony surrounding genome edited crops.

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A CRISPR Way for Fast-Forward Crop Domestication
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The human health benefits from GM crops
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A De Novo Genome Sequence Assembly of the Arabidopsis thaliana Accession Niederzenz-1 Displays Presence/Absence Variation and Strong Synteny
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Whole genome re-sequencing of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) yields insights into genomic diversity of a fruit species
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Editor’s Choice: Evaluating the Potential for Adverse Interactions within Genetically Engineered Breeding Stacks
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European Court of Justice delivers no justice to Europe on genome‐edited crops
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Compositional Equivalency of Cry1F Corn Event TC6275 and Conventional Corn (Zea mays L.)
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Does Global Agriculture Need Another Green Revolution?
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Collateral damage and CRISPR genome editing
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Discovery of SNPs in Soybean Genotypes Frequently Used as the Parents of Mapping Populations in the United States and Korea
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Molecular Approaches for Harvesting Natural Diversity for Crop Improvement
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Somaclonal variation does not preclude the use of rice transformants for genetic screening
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Genome-Wide Off-Target Analysis in CRISPR-Cas9 Modified Mice and Their Offspring
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A Whole-Genome Analysis of a Transgenic Rice Seed-Based Edible Vaccine Against Cedar Pollen Allergy
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TILLING by Sequencing (TbyS) for targeted genome mutagenesis in crops
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Genome-Wide DNA Polymorphisms in Seven Rice Cultivars of Temperate and Tropical Japonica Groups
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Mutagenic Action of Ethyl Methanesulfonate in Maize
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The Forage and Grain of MON 87460, a Drought-Tolerant Corn Hybrid, Are Compositionally Equivalent to That of Conventional Corn
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Glyphosate-Tolerant Alfalfa Is Compositionally Equivalent to Conventional Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
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Genetic alterations that do or do not occur naturally; consequences for genome edited organisms in the context of regulatory oversight
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150 years of Johann Gregor Mendel’s “Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden”
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Evaluation of Compositional Equivalence for Multitrait Biotechnology Crops
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Resequencing of a Core Rice Mutant Population Induced by Gamma-Ray Irradiation and Its Application in a Genome-Wide Association Study
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Exploiting Genomics Resources to Identify Candidate Genes Underlying Antioxidants Content in Tomato Fruit
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Comparative whole-genome analyses of selection marker–free rice-based cholera toxin B-subunit vaccine lines and wild-type lines
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Wheat Breeding: Current Status and Bottlenecks
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Substantial Equivalence of a Transgenic Lemon Fruit Showing Postharvest Fungal Pathogens Resistance
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Global regulatory framework for production and marketing of crops biofortified with vitamins and minerals
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See all 77

Authors: Singer, S. D., Laurie, J. D., Bilichak, A., Kumar, S., & Singh, J.
Affiliations: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (CA)
McGill University (CA)
Corresponding author: Singer, Stacy D.
Laurie, John D.
ORCID: Singer, Stacy D.
Bilichak, Andriy
Kumar, Santosh
Singh, Jaswinder
Venue: Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2021-01-02
Volume: 40
Issue: 1
Pages: 68-108
ISSN: 0735-2689 (ISSN-L)
1549-7836
DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2021.1883826
OpenAlex: W3141522349
Cited by: 77
References: 404
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 2
FWCI: 4.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Genetically Modified Organisms Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
Keywords: plant breeding, genetic variation, off-target mutations, genetically modified crops, genome editing, genome-edited crops, spontaneous mutation, conventional breeding, food security, food safety, regulation, crop improvement

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Genetic Variation and Unintended Risk in the Context of Old and New Breeding Techniques

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