The DOI matches its Crossref record; 151 of the 151 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
What Do We Know About Gangs and Gang Members and Where Do We Go From Here?
Abstract
This review provides an opportunity to assess the current state of gang research and suggest directions for its future. There has been a dramatic increase in research on gangs, gang members, and gang behavior since the early 1990s, making this review especially timely. We use Short’s three-level framework of explanation to organize the findings of prior research, focusing on individual-, micro-, and macro-level research. Attention is focused on the findings of such research, but we also examine theoretical and methodological developments as well. Drawing from Short and life-course research, we introduce a cross-level temporal framework to guide future directions in gang research.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects
ROSENBAUM, P. R., & RUBIN, D. B. (1983) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/70.1.41 · Cited by 31,241
Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy
Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.277.5328.918 · Cited by 11,999
Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990) · doi:10.1515/9781503621794 · Cited by 10,127
Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City
Halnon, K. B., & Anderson, E. (2001) · Teaching Sociology · doi:10.2307/1318956 · Cited by 3,613
Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas
Lyon, F. E., Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1943) · Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1931-1951) · doi:10.2307/1137187 · Cited by 3,408
Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life.
Chilton, R., Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1995) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2580648 · Cited by 3,068
Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life
SAMPSON, R. J., & LAUB, J. H. (1993) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128793039003010 · Cited by 2,793
Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas
Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1943) · Harvard Law Review · doi:10.2307/1334446 · Cited by 1,895
Shared beginnings, divergent lives: delinquent boys to age 70
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-6858 · Cited by 1,863
Social learning and social structure: a general theory of crime and deviance
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-5942 · Cited by 1,648
Cited by
Hureau, D. M., Braga, A. A., Lloyd, T., & Winship, C. (2023) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12353 · Cited by 31
Metadata
- Authors
- Decker, S. H., Melde, C., & Pyrooz, D. C.
- Venue
- Justice Quarterly
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-10-16
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 369-402
- ISSN
- 0741-8825 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-9109
- OpenAlex
- W1975879962
- Cited by
- 271
- References
- 151
- FWCI
- 75.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: What Do We Know About Gangs and Gang Members and Where Do We Go From Here? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/07418825.2012.732101
- The paper
- Decker, S. H., Melde, C., & Pyrooz, D. C. (2013). What Do We Know About Gangs and Gang Members and Where Do We Go From Here? Justice Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2012.732101
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.