Cited by 197Criminal Justice and Corrections AnalysisCriminal Justice and PenologyEducation Discipline and Inequality

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Race and disparities in sentencing: A test of the liberation hypothesis

Spohn, Cassia, Cederblom, Jerry·1991·Justice Quarterly

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Abstract

This paper builds on Kalven and Zeisel's “liberation hypothesis” and explores the possibility that racial discrimination in sentencing is confined to less serious cases. We examined the sentences imposed on defendants convicted of violent felonies in Detroit. We found that defendant's race had a direct effect only on the decision to incarcerate but had indirect effects on both incarceration and sentence length. Further analysis revealed an interaction between the race of the defendant, the seriousness of the case, and the harshness of the sentence. Using a number of measures of the seriousness of the case, we found that race had a significant effect on incarceration only in less serious cases. Our findings provide dramatic support for the liberation hypothesis and highlight the importance of using an interactive rather than an additive model in sentencing research.

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Authors: Spohn, C., & Cederblom, J.
Affiliations: University of Nebraska at Omaha (US)
ORCID: Spohn, Cassia
Venue: Justice Quarterly
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1991-09-01
Volume: 8
Issue: 3
Pages: 305-327
ISSN: 0741-8825 (ISSN-L)
1745-9109
DOI: 10.1080/07418829100091071
OpenAlex: W2013575550
Cited by: 197
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 1.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Justice Quarterly (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
Social Sciences › Education › Education Discipline and Inequality
Keywords: sentence length, interactive model, Detroit

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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Race and disparities in sentencing: A test of the liberation hypothesis

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks