The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reassessing the impact of race on citizens' attitudes toward the police: A research note
Abstract
This paper reassesses the relationship between race and attitudes toward the police. Using data obtained through a telephone interview survey of 560 residents of Detroit, the study contradicts previous research by finding that blacks hold more favorable attitudes toward the police than do whites. To explain these findings, we argue that as the social context of cities changes, so might the relationship between race and citizens' attitudes toward the police.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This gap is nearly uniform in its direction, if not its magnitude, across time and space in the United States”
From Mirage of Police Reform: Procedural Justice and Police Legitimacy (2017) · cites this paper as Frank et al. 1996
Citations
Cites
Questions and Answers in Attitude Surveys.
Robinson, J. P., Schuman, H., & Presser, S. (1983) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2578327 · Cited by 781
Book Review: Questions and Answers in Attitude Surveys
Albaum, G., Schuman, H., & Presser, S. (1982) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3151742 · Cited by 513
Suburbanization and Segregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas
Massey, D. S., & Denton, N. A. (1988) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/229031 · Cited by 364
Global and specific attitudes toward the police: Disentangling the relationship
Brandl, S. G., Frank, J., Worden, R. E., & Bynum, T. S. (1994) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418829400092161 · Cited by 347
Self-citation(1981) · Cited by 260
Victimization, Types of Citizen-Police Contacts, and Attitudes Toward the Police
Smith, P. E., & Hawkins, R. O. (1973) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.2307/3052811 · Cited by 224
Black and White Perceptions of Justice in the City
Jacob, H. (1971) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.2307/3052913 · Cited by 219
Attitude intensity, importance, and certainty and susceptibility to response effects.
Krosnick, J. A., & Schuman, H. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.940 · Cited by 215
DETERMINANTS OF ATTITUDES TOWARD CITY POLICE
Scaglion, R., & Condon, R. G. (1980) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1980.tb01312.x · Cited by 215
Minorities and the Police: Confrontation in America.
Manning, R. O., Bayley, D. H., & Mendelsohn, H. (1969) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2096015 · Cited by 208
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Boggs S.L., 1965, Social Problems, 13, 393
- Decker S., 1981, Journal of Police Science and Administration, 9, 80
- Koenig D.J., 1980, Journal of Police Science and Administration, 8, 243
- 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.940 · DOI
- 1968, Report
- Percy S.L., 1980, Journal of Police Science and Administration, 8, 75
- Rich W.C., 1989, Coleman Young and Detroit Politics
- Thomas C.W., 1977, Journal of Police Science and Administration, 5, 305
- 1940, Census of the Population
- 1992, Computer file
- Wilson J.Q., 1972, The Police and the Community, 51
- Zamble E., 1987, Journal of Police Science and Administration, 15, 285
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–188 of 188
Heuristic influences over offense seriousness calculations
Kautt, P. M. (2009) · Punishment & Society · doi:10.1177/1462474508101492 · Cited by 21
Interrogations, confessions, and adolescent offenders’ perceptions of the legal system.
Arndorfer, A., Malloy, L. C., & Cauffman, E. E. (2015) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1037/lhb0000138 · Cited by 20
Social modeling effects on perception of the police
Lim, H. (2015) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-02-2015-0018 · Cited by 20
Disclosure of Same-Sex Intimate Partner Violence to Police among Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals
Guadalupe‐Diaz, X. L. (2015) · Social Currents · doi:10.1177/2329496515604635 · Cited by 20
Immigrants’ Confidence in the Police in 34 Countries: A Multilevel Analysis
Han, S., Hwang, E., Nobles, M. R., Basham, S. L., & Piquero, A. R. (2019) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611119883424 · Cited by 19
In Search of Respect: Examining Arrestee Satisfaction with Police
Myrstol, B. A., & Hawk, S. R. (2011) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-011-9111-9 · Cited by 19
Youth Perceptions of the Police
Stewart, D. M., Morris, R., & Weir, H. (2014) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/1541204013480369 · Cited by 23
One Scale Fits All? Assessing Racial Differences in the Measurement of Attitudes Toward the Police
Posick, C., Rocque, M., & McDevitt, J. (2013) · Race and Justice · doi:10.1177/2153368713494214 · Cited by 18
Redner-Vera, E. N., & Galeste, M. (2014) · Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/15377938.2014.984043 · Cited by 15
Nägel, C., & Vera, A. (2020) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paaa098 · Cited by 13
Lawrence, T. I., McField, A. A., & Freeman, K. A. (2021) · Criminal Justice Review · doi:10.1177/07340168211022794 · Cited by 14
Wang, X., Ready, J. T., & Davies, G. J. (2019) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/lasr.12423 · Cited by 14
Does an Increased Share of Black Police Officers Decrease Racial Discrimination in Law Enforcement?
Pyo, S. (2022) · Urban Affairs Review · doi:10.1177/10780874211070245 · Cited by 14
Why Do People Trust the Police? A Case Study of Thailand
Kulachai, W., & Cheurprakobkit, S. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15043249 · Cited by 17
Delinquent Subculture and Juvenile Offenders’ Attitudes Toward the Police in China
Ren, L., Zhang, H., Zhao, J. “., & Zhao, R. (2015) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611115604450 · Cited by 13
Legal Subjectivity Among Youth Victims of Sexual Abuse
Hlavka, H. R. (2013) · Law & Social Inquiry · doi:10.1111/lsi.12032 · Cited by 14
College Students’ Satisfaction with Police Services in Taiwan
Lai, Y. (2015) · Asian Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11417-015-9227-9 · Cited by 13
The Politics of Inclusion: Black Political Incorporation and the Use of Lethal Force
Ochs, H. L. (2011) · Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/15377938.2011.594363 · Cited by 13
Cops at the Door: The Impact of Citizen Surveys by Police on Public Attitudes
Travis, L. F., Novak, K. J., Winston, C. N., & Hurley, D. C. (2000) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611100003001004 · Cited by 13
Chambers, D. L., Payne, Y. A., & Sun, I. Y. (2020) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-01-2020-0012 · Cited by 11
Residential Stability and Trust in the Police: an Understudied Area of Police Attitudinal Research
Lee, H. D., Boateng, F. D., Kim, D., & Binning, C. (2019) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-019-09492-6 · Cited by 11
Night walking safety and overall satisfaction with police services
Ganjavi, O., LeBrasseur, R., & Whissell, R. (2000) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639510010314599 · Cited by 11
Hu, M., & Dai, M. (2013) · Criminology & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1748895813505233 · Cited by 10
Kids and Cops: Juveniles’ Perceptions of the Police and Police Services
Sanden, M., & Wentz, E. A. (2017) · Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1043986217724536 · Cited by 10
Juvenile attitudes toward the police: Theory and application
Janeksela, G. M. (1999) · International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/01924036.1999.9678648 · Cited by 10
Mind the Gap: Attitudes about Miranda Warnings among Police Chiefs and Citizens
Payne, B. K., & Guastaferro, W. P. (2009) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-009-9040-4 · Cited by 10
Racial/Ethnic Connection with Confidence in the Police: Equal Treatment Matters
Ren, L., Luo, F., & Nielson, K. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice · doi:10.3138/cjccj.2021-0050 · Cited by 9
Property crime specialization in Detroit, Michigan
Felson, M., Xu, Y., & Jiang, S. (2022) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101953 · Cited by 9
Hajek, C., Giles, H., Barker, V., Demirtaş-Madran, H. A., Pecchioni, L. L., & Choi, C. W. (2008) · Russian Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/19409419.2008.10756706 · Cited by 9
The impact of race on criminal justice ideology: An examination of high school students
Hurst, Y. G., & Nation, D. D. (2009) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2009.09.002 · Cited by 9
Worlds apart: The views on crime and punishment among white and minority college students
Lambert, E. G. (2005) · Criminal Justice Studies · doi:10.1080/14786010500071212 · Cited by 9
Support for community policing in India and the US: an exploratory study among college students
Lambert, E. G., Wu, Y., Jiang, S., Jaishankar, K., Pasupuleti, S., Bhimarasetty, J. V., & Smith, B. W. (2014) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-01-2011-0098 · Cited by 8
Armstrong, J., White-Lewis, E., Farris, D. N., & Edwards, W. J. (2021) · Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/15377938.2021.1907827 · Cited by 7
Attitudes Toward the Police in Communities Using Different Consolidation Models
Chermak, S. M., & Wilson, J. M. (2018) · International Criminal Justice Review · doi:10.1177/1057567718769135 · Cited by 6
Paez, R. A., & Dierenfeldt, R. (2019) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2019.1601115 · Cited by 7
Public Perceptions in the Last Frontier: Alaska Native Satisfaction with the Police
Giblin, M. J., & Dillon, A. D. (2009) · Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/15377930902929190 · Cited by 6
Zalaf, A., & Wood, J. L. (2009) · International Criminal Justice Review · doi:10.1177/1057567709349158 · Cited by 5
Bribery and corruption: assessing the fairness of the Malaysian judicial system
Houqe, M. N., Zahir‐ul‐Hassan, M. K., Idrus, M. A., & van Zijl, T. (2020) · Crime Law and Social Change · doi:10.1007/s10611-019-09882-1 · Cited by 5
How Does Race Affect Perceptions of Police Trustworthiness?
Kim, M.-H., Porumbescu, G. A., & Neshkova, M. I. (2018) · International Public Management Journal · doi:10.1080/10967494.2018.1486343 · Cited by 6
Keyes, V. D. (2014) · NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University) · Cited by 5
American Indians’ Attitudes Toward the Appropriateness of Use of Force by the Police
Redner-Vera, E. N., & Wallace, D. M. (2022) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287221083897 · Cited by 4
The impact of police agency size on crime clearance rates
Kennedy, W. G. (2009) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · Cited by 4
A cross-national study on public confidence in police
Morris, C. S. (2011) · doi:10.17760/d20003229 · Cited by 4
Lai, Y., Haruta, Y., Sanai, S., Suzuki, A., & Shimada, T. (2024) · Asian Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11417-024-09426-0 · Cited by 4
Ochs, H. L. (2009) · Justice Research and Policy · doi:10.3818/jrp.11.2009.105 · Cited by 3
An Exploratory Comparison of the Policing Views of Nigerian and US College Students
Lambert, E. G., Elechi, O. O., & Wu, Y. (2013) · International Journal of Police Science & Management · doi:10.1350/ijps.2013.15.1.296 · Cited by 3
van der Leun, J., van der Woude, M., Leupen, A., & BLOKLAND, A. A. J. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2358040 · Cited by 3
Dawkins, M. (2022) · Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/15377938.2022.2102561 · Cited by 2
Exploring Southeast Asian immigrants' attitudes toward the police in Taiwan
Lai, Y., Luo, F., Kang, C.-C., & Lo, T.-Y. (2023) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-12-2022-0150 · Cited by 2
Symbolic Representation in Police Traffic Stops
Beverlin, M. (2012) · Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/15377938.2012.642730 · Cited by 2
Diversity in municipal police agencies: A national examination of its determinants and effects
Gustafson, J. L. (2010) · Cited by 2
Donovan, K., Tillyer, R., & Klahm, C. F. (2016) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2016.1185422 · Cited by 2
Choi, J., Kruis, N. E., & Cho, S. (2020) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128720973148 · Cited by 2
Hartsell, E. N., Lane, J., & Lanza‐Kaduce, L. (2022) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2021.2014009 · Cited by 2
Media: Effects on attitudes toward police and fear of criminal victimization
Edwards, B. D. (2007) · Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University) · Cited by 2
Perceptions of police among adolescents in Istanbul
Özaşçılar, M., Ziyalar, N., & Yenisey, F. (2015) · The Police Journal Theory Practice and Principles · doi:10.1177/0032258x15601798 · Cited by 1
Study about the Factors Influencing the Residents' Perception of Police Legitimacy
윤우석, & 홍태경 (2013) · Journal of Korean Public Police and Security Studies · doi:10.25023/kapsa.10.1.201305.53 · Cited by 1
THE NEGLECT OF RACIAL RESPONSIVITY: AN EXAMINATION OF WHY RACE MATTERS IN CORRECTIONAL TREATMENT
Spiropoulos, G. V. (2007) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1
Lake, R. L. (2013) · Human Biology · Cited by 1
Chambers, D. L. (2025) · Library, Museums and Press - UDSpace (University of Delaware) · doi:10.58088/4xh9-sx65 · Cited by 1
Black and blue : exploring protests, African American attitudes, and law enforcement behavior
Bryant, K. J. (2017) · MOspace Institutional Repository (University of Missouri) · doi:10.32469/10355/62290 · Cited by 1
Rinkoff, P. B. (2021) · doi:10.32920/14664024 · Cited by 1
A Motorist’s Perception on How Fast Should the Police Respond to and Serve for a Traffic Accident
Huang, Y.-S., Lan, L. W., & Lin, C. (2013) · Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for transportation studies/Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies · doi:10.11175/easts.10.1930
Perception of Police in Public Housing Communities
Brickley, T. (2014) · Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)
Cultural Diversity and the Police in the United States: Understanding Problems and Finding SolutionsPreprint
Goold, B. J., & Hadfield, K. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2022510
Ammar, N. H., Kessler, D. A., & Kratcoski, P. C. (2008) · International Journal of Police Science & Management · doi:10.1350/ijps.2008.10.3.87
Policy Impact in Criminal Justice: Intended and Unintended Consequences
Beverlin, R. M. (2010)
Hammond, A. M. (2005) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Race, Class, and Procedural Justice During Traffic Stops
Riner, R. (2017)
Whiteness and policing Vietnamese Australian communities
McKernan, H. (2024) · Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) · doi:10.25916/sut.26293216
Citizens’ Perception of Police Services in an Oil Boomtown
Huynh, C. (2018) · NDSU Repository (North Dakota State University)
Race/Ethnicity as the Defining Characteristic of Policing in the U.S.
Sun, I. Y., & Wu, Y. (2018) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95807-8_2
Stavisky, M. (2017) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.32544
Felson, M., Jiang, S., & Xu, Y. (2020) · Papers in Applied Geography · doi:10.1080/23754931.2020.1747526
College Students’ Attitudes Towards Police Officers and their Perceptions of Prison Systems
Poff, L. (2020) · Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University)
Diversity in municipal police agencies
Gustafson, J. L. (2010) · doi:10.17760/d20000825
Worden, R. E., & McLean, S. J. (2020) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780520965966-015
Regional Differences in the Perception of American Adolescents on Police Objectivity and Fairness
Can, S. H. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-56347-8_12
Exum, M. L., Kuhns, J. B., Johnson, S. L., & DeWitt, S. E. (2024) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-03-2024-0027
Can, S. H., & Can, A. G. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87817-6_7
Regional inequality in citizens’ attitudes towards the police and the effect of stop-and-search
Kim, B. (2025) · Security Journal · doi:10.1057/s41284-025-00502-3
Can, S. H., & Can, M. B. E. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-18085-8_1
Kooffreh, B. (2026) · Asian Journal of Comparative Politics · doi:10.1177/20578911261480237
Metadata
- Authors
- Frank, J., Brandl, S. G., Cullen, F. T., & Stichman, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Cincinnati (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (US)
- ORCID
- Cullen, Francis T.
- Venue
- Justice Quarterly
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1996-06
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 321-334
- ISSN
- 0741-8825 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-9109
- OpenAlex
- W2132093163
- Cited by
- 188
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 14.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Justice Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Race, History, and American Society
- Keywords
- race, attitudes toward police, police legitimacy, racial differences, black-white disparities, urban social change
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review