Cited by 694Smoking Behavior and CessationSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesBehavioral Health and Interventions

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Tobacco smoking: Health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions

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West, Robert·2017·Psychology & Health

DOI 10.1080/08870446.2017.1325890PMC PMC5490618

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Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Despite reductions in prevalence in recent years, tobacco smoking remains one of the main preventable causes of ill-health and premature death worldwide. This paper reviews the extent and nature of harms caused by smoking, the benefits of stopping, patterns of smoking, psychological, pharmacological and social factors that contribute to uptake and maintenance of smoking, the effectiveness of population and individual level interventions aimed at combatting tobacco smoking, and the effectiveness of methods used to reduce the harm caused by continued use of tobacco or nicotine in some form. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Smoking behaviour is maintained primarily by the positive and negative reinforcing properties of nicotine delivered rapidly in a way that is affordable and palatable, with the negative health consequences mostly being sufficiently uncertain and distant in time not to create sufficient immediate concern to deter the behaviour. Raising immediate concerns about smoking by tax increases, social marketing and brief advice from health professionals can increase the rate at which smokers try to stop. Providing behavioural and pharmacological support can improve the rate at which those quit attempts succeed. Implementing national programmes containing these components are effective in reducing tobacco smoking prevalence and reducing smoking-related death and disease.

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Figure 1. Factors associated with transitions in the natural history of smoking (parentheses indicate negative associations).CC BY · PubMed Central

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Authors: West, R.
Affiliations: University College London (GB)
Corresponding author: West, Robert
ORCID: West, Robert
Venue: Psychology & Health
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2017-05-28
Volume: 32
Issue: 8
Pages: 1018-1036
ISSN: 0887-0446 (ISSN-L)
1476-8321
DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2017.1325890
PMC: PMC5490618
OpenAlex: W2618185743
Cited by: 694
References: 93
Citations by year: 2026: 55 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 121 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 5
FWCI: 5.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Psychology and Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Cancer Research UK (C1417/A22962)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Keywords: smoking, nicotine dependence, smoking cessation, harm reduction, smoking prevalence, smoking-related mortality, nicotine reinforcement, smoking cessation interventions, brief advice, social marketing, tobacco taxation
MeSH terms: Smoking Prevention, Health Promotion, Humans, Risk Factors, Smoking, Prevalence, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

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