The DOI matches its Crossref record; 89 of the 93 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Tobacco smoking: Health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Despite reductions in prevalence in recent years, tobacco smoking remains one of the main preventable causes of ill-health and premature death worldwide. This paper reviews the extent and nature of harms caused by smoking, the benefits of stopping, patterns of smoking, psychological, pharmacological and social factors that contribute to uptake and maintenance of smoking, the effectiveness of population and individual level interventions aimed at combatting tobacco smoking, and the effectiveness of methods used to reduce the harm caused by continued use of tobacco or nicotine in some form. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Smoking behaviour is maintained primarily by the positive and negative reinforcing properties of nicotine delivered rapidly in a way that is affordable and palatable, with the negative health consequences mostly being sufficiently uncertain and distant in time not to create sufficient immediate concern to deter the behaviour. Raising immediate concerns about smoking by tax increases, social marketing and brief advice from health professionals can increase the rate at which smokers try to stop. Providing behavioural and pharmacological support can improve the rate at which those quit attempts succeed. Implementing national programmes containing these components are effective in reducing tobacco smoking prevalence and reducing smoking-related death and disease.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Withdrawal following smoking cessation is acutely associated with heightened levels of stress and negative affect (Shiffman 2004; West 2017).”
From Mindfulness for smoking cessation (2022) · cites this paper as West 2017
In the citing paper
“for people who are motivated to quit, the addition of pharmacologic therapy to counseling is more effective than either treatment alone (289).”
From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023 (2023) · cites this paper as [289]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors
Doll, R., Peto, R., Wheatley, K., Gray, R., & Sutherland, I. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6959.901 · Cited by 5,932
The Health Consequences of Smoking -- 50 Years of progress: A Report of the Surgeon General
General, U. S. S. (2014) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e510072014-001 · Cited by 3,368
Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults — United States, 2016
Jamal, A., Phillips, E., Gentzke, A. S., Homa, D. M., Babb, S. D., King, B. A., & Neff, L. J. (2018) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6702a1 · Cited by 3,079
Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors
Doll, R., Peto, R., Boreham, J., & Sutherland, I. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.ae · Cited by 2,920
Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation
Stead, L. F., Perera, R., Bullen, C., Mant, D., Hartmann‐Boyce, J., Cahill, K., & Lancaster, T. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000146.pub4 · Cited by 2,564
Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults — United States, 2005–2014
Jamal, A., Homa, D. M., O’Connor, E., Babb, S. D., Caraballo, R. S., Singh, T., Hu, S., & King, B. A. (2015) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6444a2 · Cited by 2,544
The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General
Office on Smoking (2004) · Cited by 2,414
Physician advice for smoking cessation
Stead, L. F., Buitrago, D., Preciado, N., Sanchez, G., Hartmann-Boyce, J., & Lancaster, T. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000165.pub4 · Cited by 1,955
The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
Brown, J. W. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.280.13.1200-a · Cited by 1,434
Shape of the relapse curve and long-term abstinence among untreated smokers
Hughes, J. R., Keely, J., & Naud, S. (2004) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00540.x · Cited by 1,414
Antidepressants for smoking cessation
Howes, S., Hartmann-Boyce, J., Livingstone-Banks, J., Hong, B., & Lindson, N. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000031.pub5 · Cited by 1,352
Mackay, J. M., & Eriksen, M. P. (2002) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,322
Anthenelli, R. M., Benowitz, N. L., West, R., St Aubin, L., McRae, T., Lawrence, D., Ascher, J., Russ, C., Krishen, A., & Evins, A. E. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30272-0 · Cited by 1,177
Self-citationMobile phone-based interventions for smoking cessation
Whittaker, R., McRobbie, H., Bullen, C., Rodgers, A., & Gu, Y. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006611.pub4 · Cited by 1,079
Telephone counselling for smoking cessation
Stead, L. F., Hartmann‐Boyce, J., Perera, R., & Lancaster, T. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002850.pub3 · Cited by 1,030
Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation
Lancaster, T., & Stead, L. F. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001292.pub2 · Cited by 1,015
Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults — United States, 2005–2015
Jamal, A., King, B. A., Neff, L. J., Whitmill, J., Babb, S. D., & Graffunder, C. (2016) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6544a2 · Cited by 920
Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation
Hey, K., Lancaster, T., & Bala, M. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006103 · Cited by 866
Global Effects of Smoking, of Quitting, and of Taxing Tobacco
Jha, P., & Peto, R. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1308383 · Cited by 843
Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation
Stead, L. F., Carroll, A. J., & Lancaster, T. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001007.pub3 · Cited by 825
Pirie, K., Peto, R., Reeves, G. K., Green, J., & Beral, V. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61720-6 · Cited by 799
Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation
Cahill, K., Stead, L., & Lancaster, T. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006103.pub2 · Cited by 747
School-based programmes for preventing smoking
Thomas, R. E., McLellan, J., & Perera, R. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001293.pub3 · Cited by 656
Vangeli, E., Stapleton, J., Smit, E. S., Borland, R., & West, R. (2011) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03565.x · Cited by 607 · cited 5×
“Factors that predict quit attempts differ from those that predict the success of those attempts (Vangeli et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe health benefits of smoking cessation
Samet, J. M. (1992) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30359-5 · Cited by 525
Linder, F. E. (1958) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.127.3309.1275 · Cited by 511
Zhou, X., Nonnemaker, J., Sherrill, B., Gilsenan, A. W., Coste, F., & West, R. (2009) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.11.013 · Cited by 508
Self-citationPredicting smoking cessation with self-reported measures of nicotine dependence: FTQ, FTND, and HSI
Kozlowski, L. T., Porter, C. Q., Orleans, C. T., Pope, M. A., & Heatherton, T. F. (1994) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/0376-8716(94)90158-9 · Cited by 494
Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation
Cahill, K., Lindson-Hawley, N., Thomas, K. H., Fanshawe, T. R., & Lancaster, T. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006103.pub7 · Cited by 433
Mass media interventions for smoking cessation in adults
Bała, M. M., Strzeszynski, L., & Topór‐Mądry, R. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004704.pub4 · Cited by 431
Workplace interventions for smoking cessation
Cahill, K., & Lancaster, T. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003440.pub4 · Cited by 421
Mobile phone-based interventions for smoking cessation
Whittaker, R., McRobbie, H. J., Bullen, C., Borland, R., Rodgers, A., & Gu, Y. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006611.pub3 · Cited by 410
Global statistics on addictive behaviours: 2014 status report
Gowing, L., Ali, R. L., ALLSOP, S. J., Marsden, J., Turf, E., West, R., & Witton, J. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12899 · Cited by 406
Self-citationGroup behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation
Stead, L. F., & Lancaster, T. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001007.pub2 · Cited by 405
Aveyard, P., Begh, R., Parsons, A., & West, R. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03770.x · Cited by 390
Self-citationAntidepressants for smoking cessation
Hughes, J. R., Stead, L. F., Hartmann‐Boyce, J., Cahill, K., & Lancaster, T. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000031.pub4 · Cited by 357
E-cigarettes: an evidence update. A report commissioned by Public Health England.
McNeill, A. D., Brose, L. S., Calder, R. I., Hitchman, S. C., Hájek, P., & McRobbie, H. J. (2015) · Research Portal (King's College London) · Cited by 353
Noar, S. M., Francis, D. B., Bridges, C., Sontag, J. M., Ribisl, K. M., & Brewer, N. T. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.06.011 · Cited by 347
Heritability of Smoking Initiation and Nicotine Dependence
Vink, J. M., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., & Boomsma, D. I. (2005) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-004-1327-8 · Cited by 342
Health effects associated with smokeless tobacco: a systematic review
Critchley, J. (2003) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thorax.58.5.435 · Cited by 340
Incentives for smoking cessation
Cahill, K., Hartmann‐Boyce, J., & Perera, R. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004307.pub5 · Cited by 338
Nicotine without smoke: Tobacco harm reduction
Amos, A., Arnott, D., Aveyard, P. N., Bauld, L., Bogdanovica, I., Britton, J. R., Chenoweth, M. J., Collin, J., Dockrell, M. J., Hájek, P., et al. (2016) · Cited by 307
Self-citationAcupuncture and related interventions for smoking cessation
White, A. R., Rampes, H., Liu, J., Stead, L. F., & Campbell, J. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000009.pub4 · Cited by 297
Kotz, D., Brown, J., & West, R. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12429 · Cited by 283
Self-citationWest, R., Raw, M., McNeill, A. D., Stead, L. F., Aveyard, P. N., Bitton, J., Stapleton, J., McRobbie, H. J., Pokhrel, S., Lester‐George, A., et al. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12998 · Cited by 273
Self-citationHypnotherapy for smoking cessation
Barnes, J., Dong, C. Y., McRobbie, H., Walker, N., Mehta, M., & Stead, L. F. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001008.pub2 · Cited by 266
MacArthur, G. J., Harrison, S., Caldwell, D. M., Hickman, M., & Campbell, R. (2016) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13224 · Cited by 265
Fidler, J. A., Shahab, L., & West, R. (2010) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03226.x · Cited by 250
Self-citationMass media interventions for preventing smoking in young people
Carson‐Chahhoud, K., Ameer, F., Sayehmiri, K., Hnin, K., van Agteren, J. E., Sayehmiri, F., Brinn, M. P., Esterman, A., Chang, A. B., & Smith, B. J. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001006.pub3 · Cited by 238
West, R., Baker, C. L., Cappelleri, J. C., & Bushmakin, A. G. (2008) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-007-1041-3 · Cited by 203
Self-citationFinancial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy: randomised controlled trial
Tappin, D. M., Bauld, L., Purves, D. G., Boyd, K., Sinclair, L., MacAskill, S., McKell, J., Friel, B., McConnachie, A., de Caestecker, L., et al. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h134 · Cited by 203
(1998) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195114966.001.0001 · Cited by 199
Self-perceived smoking motives and their correlates in a general population sample
Fidler, J. A., & West, R. (2009) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp120 · Cited by 194
Self-citationThe Role of Nicotine in Smoking-Related Cardiovascular Disease
Benowitz, N. L. (1997) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.1997.0175 · Cited by 172
Overview of systematic reviews on the health-related effects of government tobacco control policies
Hoffman, S. J., & Tan, C. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2041-6 · Cited by 168
Print-based self-help interventions for smoking cessation
Hartmann‐Boyce, J., Lancaster, T., & Stead, L. F. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001118.pub3 · Cited by 154
West, R. (2009) · COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease · doi:10.1080/15412550903049181 · Cited by 145
Self-citationHealth Benefits of Smoking Cessation
Mulcahy, R. F. (1990) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03450150028009 · Cited by 139
Additional behavioural support as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation
Stead, L. F., Koilpillai, P., & Lancaster, T. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009670.pub3 · Cited by 134
Systematic review and meta-analysis of internet interventions for smoking cessation among adults
Graham, A., Carpenter, K., Cha, S., Cole, S., Jacobs, M., Raskob, M., & Cole-Lewis, H. (2016) · Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation · doi:10.2147/sar.s101660 · Cited by 114 · cited 1×
“Thus, while there is evidence that tailored, interactive websites can improve the chances of success at stopping smoking compared with no support, brief written materials or static information websites, many of those tested have not been found to be effective and it is not clear what differentiates those that are effe…”
BackgroundJones, M., Lewis, S., Parrott, S., Wormall, S., & Coleman, T. J. (2016) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13309 · Cited by 113
Gradual Versus Abrupt Smoking Cessation
Lindson, N., Banting, M., West, R., Michie, S., Shinkins, B., & Aveyard, P. N. (2016) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m14-2805 · Cited by 102
Self-citationMass media interventions for smoking cessation in adults.
Bała, M., Strzeszyński, L., Topór-Mądry, R., & Cahill, K. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004704.pub3 · Cited by 99
Kotz, D., Brown, J., & West, R. (2014) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.07.004 · Cited by 90
Self-citationFidler, J. A., & West, R. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.10.009 · Cited by 84
Self-citationTalati, A., Keyes, K. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.224 · Cited by 77
Shahab, L., & West, R. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.08.011 · Cited by 71
Self-citationEpidemiology and etiology of adolescent smoking
Schepis, T. S., & Rao, U. (2005) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/01.mop.0000176442.49743.31 · Cited by 71
Burki, T. K. (2016) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(16)30109-6 · Cited by 71
van Hasselt, M., Kruger, J., Han, B., Caraballo, R. S., Penne, M. A., Loomis, B. R., & Gfroerer, J. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.01.023 · Cited by 70
Sterling, L. H., Windle, S. B., Filion, K. B., Touma, L., & Eisenberg, M. J. (2016) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.115.002849 · Cited by 70
Stapleton, J. A., & West, R. (2012) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr236 · Cited by 62
Self-citationBeard, E., McNeill, A., Aveyard, P., Fidler, J., Michie, S., & West, R. (2013) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050007 · Cited by 56
Self-citationWu, L., Sun, S., He, Y., & Zeng, J. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph120910235 · Cited by 48
Jarvis, M. J., Giovino, G. A., O'Connor, R. J., Kozlowski, L. T., & Bernert, J. T. (2014) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu120 · Cited by 47
Do ex-smokers report feeling happier following cessation? Evidence from a cross-sectional survey
Shahab, L., & West, R. (2009) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp031 · Cited by 47
Self-citationWest, R., & Shiffman, S. M. (2016) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/isbn.978-1-908541-88-8 · Cited by 46
Self-citationHiggins, S. T., & Solomon, L. J. (2016) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-016-0092-0 · Cited by 44
Contribution of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition to Tobacco Dependence: A Review of the Evidence
Hogg, R. C. (2015) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv245 · Cited by 43
Kralikova, E., Kmetova, A., Stepankova, L., Zvolska, K., Davis, R., & West, R. (2013) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12219 · Cited by 41
Self-citationThe Importance of Timing of Transitions for Risk of Regular Smoking and Nicotine Dependence
Dierker, L., He, J., Kalaydjian, A., Swendsen, J. D., Degenhardt, L. J., Glantz, M. D., Conway, K. P., Anthony, J. C., Chiu, W. T., Sampson, N. A., et al. (2008) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-008-9051-x · Cited by 40
Turning off the tap: the real solution to cigarette smuggling.
Joossens, L., & Raw, M. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 35
Cochrane Review: Mass media interventions for preventing smoking in young people
Brinn, M. P., Carson‐Chahhoud, K., Esterman, A., Chang, A. B., & Smith, B. J. (2012) · Evidence-Based Child Health A Cochrane Review Journal · doi:10.1002/ebch.1808 · Cited by 28
Talip, T. (2016) · PubMed · doi:10.14456/apjcp.2016.99 · Cited by 28
Ferri, C. P., West, R., Moriyama, T. S., Acosta, D. M., Guerra, M., Huang, Y., Jacob, K. S., Ribeiro, W. S., Rodríguez, J. J. L., Salas, A., et al. (2011) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2661 · Cited by 27
Self-citationLevy, D. T., Huang, A., Havumaki, J., & Meza, R. (2016) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-016-0735-4 · Cited by 27
Mandić, D. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 22
How Do Prompts for Attempts to Quit Smoking Relate to Method of Quitting and Quit Success?
USSHER, M. H., Brown, J., Rajamanoharan, A., & West, R. (2013) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-013-9545-z · Cited by 19
Self-citationMercelina-Roumans, P. E. A. M., Ubachs, J. M. H., & van Wersch, J. (1994) · Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review · doi:10.1017/s0965539500001078 · Cited by 5
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Action on Smoking and Health, 2014, Secondhand smoke
- Action on Smoking and Health, 2014, What’s in a cigarette?
- Action on Smoking and Health, 2015, Illicit trade in tobacco
- Action on Smoking and Health, 2016, Smoking statistics: Illness and death
- Action on Smoking and Health, 2016, Smoking statistics: Who smokes and how much?
- 10.1002/ebch.v7.1 · DOI
- 10.1111/add.2011.106.issue-3 · DOI
- 10.1111/add.2004.99.issue-1 · DOI
- Talip T., 2016, Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 17, 3341
- 10.1002/ebch.v8.5 · DOI
- World Health Organization, 2013, WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2013: enforcing bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gornik, H. L., Aronow, H. D., Goodney, P. P., Arya, S., Brewster, L. P., Byrd, L., Chandra, V., Drachman, D. E., Eaves, J. M., Ehrman, J. K., et al. (2024) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001251 · Cited by 771
5. Lifestyle Management:Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019
American Diabetes Association (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-s005 · Cited by 700
4. Lifestyle Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2018
American Diabetes Association (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-s004 · Cited by 563
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-s005 · Cited by 445
ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Aroda, V. R., Bannuru, R. R., Brown, F. M., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Hilliard, M. E., Isaacs, D., Johnson, E. L., et al. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc23-s005 · Cited by 362
Metadata
- Authors
- West, R.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- West, Robert
- ORCID
- West, Robert
- Venue
- Psychology & Health
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-05-28
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1018-1036
- ISSN
- 0887-0446 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-8321
- PMC
- PMC5490618
- OpenAlex
- W2618185743
- Cited by
- 694
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 121 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 5.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychology and Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Research UK (C1417/A22962)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- smoking, nicotine dependence, smoking cessation, harm reduction, smoking prevalence, smoking-related mortality, nicotine reinforcement, smoking cessation interventions, brief advice, social marketing, tobacco taxation
- MeSH terms
- Smoking Prevention, Health Promotion, Humans, Risk Factors, Smoking, Prevalence, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
