The DOI matches its Crossref record; 19 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Men “missing” from population-based HIV testing: insights from qualitative research
Open accessAbstract
Men's uptake of HIV testing is critical to the success of "test and treat" strategies in generalized epidemics. This study sought to identify cultural factors and community processes that influence men's HIV testing uptake in the baseline year of an ongoing test-and-treat trial among 334,479 persons in eastern Africa (SEARCH, NCT#01864603). Data were collected using participant observation at mobile community health campaigns (CHCs) (n = 28); focus group discussions (n = 8 groups) with CHC participants; and in-depth interviews with care providers (n = 50), leaders (n = 32), and members (n = 112) of eight communities in Kenya and Uganda. An 8-person research team defined analytical codes and iteratively refined them during data collection using grounded theoretical approaches, and textual data were coded using Atlas.ti software. Structural and cultural barriers, including men's mobility and gender norms valorizing risk-taking and discouraging health-seeking behavior, were observed, and contributed to men's lower participation in HIV testing relative to women. Men's labor opportunities often require extended absences from households: during planting season, men guarded fields from monkeys from dawn until nightfall; lake fishermen traveled long distances and circulated between beaches. Men often tested "by proxy", believing their wives' HIV test results to be their status. Debates about HIV risks were vigorous, with many men questioning "traditional" masculine gender norms that enhanced risks. The promise of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to prolong health was a motivating factor for many men to participate in testing. Flexibility in operating hours of HIV testing including late evening and weekend times along with multiple convenient locations that moved were cited as facilitating factors enhancing male participating in HIV testing. Mobile testing reduced but did not eliminate barriers to men's participation in a large-scale "test & treat" effort. However, transformations in gender norms related to HIV testing and care-seeking are underway in eastern Africa and should be supported.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Diagnosis by “proxy” is well documented in the literature [19, 37].”
From Echoes of old HIV paradigms: reassessing the problem of engaging men in HIV testing and treatment through women’s perspectives (2017) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“As a result, men often wait to access the health facility until they are very ill [37].”
From Echoes of old HIV paradigms: reassessing the problem of engaging men in HIV testing and treatment through women’s perspectives (2017) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“Local notions of masculinity disfavor seeking help because it is thought to be a sign of weakness [36, 37].”
From Echoes of old HIV paradigms: reassessing the problem of engaging men in HIV testing and treatment through women’s perspectives (2017) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“Clinics are seen to be “female spaces” [17, 37].”
From Echoes of old HIV paradigms: reassessing the problem of engaging men in HIV testing and treatment through women’s perspectives (2017) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“One study in South Africa found that mobile, population wide testing via community health campaigns and home-based HIV testing reduced but did not eliminate barriers to male engagement in mobile community HIV testing [37].”
From Echoes of old HIV paradigms: reassessing the problem of engaging men in HIV testing and treatment through women’s perspectives (2017) · cites this paper as [37]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(2014) · Cited by 15,747
Granich, R., Gilks, C. F., Dye, C., Cock, K. M. D., & Williams, B. G. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61697-9 · Cited by 1,987
Seckinelgin, H. (2016) · Social aspects of HIV · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46013-0_3 · Cited by 622
Masculinity as a barrier to men's use of HIV services in Zimbabwe
Skovdal, M., Campbell, C., Madanhire, C., Mupambireyi, Z., Nyamukapa, C., & Gregson, S. (2011) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/1744-8603-7-13 · Cited by 321
Dworkin, S. L., Treves-Kagan, S., & Lippman, S. A. (2013) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0565-2 · Cited by 297
Questioning gender norms with men to improve health outcomes: Evidence of impact
Barker, G., Ricardo, C., Nascimento, M., Olukoya, A., & Santos, C. (2010) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441690902942464 · Cited by 297
Dworkin, S. L., Fleming, P. J., & Colvin, C. J. (2015) · Culture Health & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/13691058.2015.1035751 · Cited by 285
The men's health gap: men must be included in the global health equity agenda
Baker, P., Dworkin, S. L., Tong, S., Banks, I., Shand, T., & Yamey, G. (2014) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.13.132795 · Cited by 253
May, M., Boulle, A., Phiri, S., Messou, E., Myer, L., Wood, R., Keiser, O., Sterne, J. A., Dabis, F., & Egger, M. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60666-6 · Cited by 250
Braitstein, P. K. A., Boulle, A., Nash, D., Brinkhof, M. W. G., Dabis, F., Laurent, C., Schechter, M., Tuboi, S. H., Sprinz, E., Miotti, P., et al. (2008) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2007.0353 · Cited by 197
Influence of gender on loss to follow-up in a large HIV treatment programme in western Kenya
Ochieng, V., Ochieng, D., Sidle, J. E., Holdsworth, M., Wools‐Kaloustian, K., Siika, A. M., Yiannoutsos, C. T., Owiti, M., Kimaiyo, S. N., & Braitstein, P. K. A. (2010) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.09.064329 · Cited by 196
Chamie, G., Clark, T. D., Kabami, J., Kadede, K., Ssemmondo, E., Steinfeld, R. L., Lavoy, G., Kwarisiima, D., Sang, N., Jain, V., et al. (2016) · The Lancet HIV · doi:10.1016/s2352-3018(15)00251-9 · Cited by 146
Self-citationMen and antiretroviral therapy in Africa: our blind spot
Cornell, M., McIntyre, J. A., & Myer, L. (2011) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02767.x · Cited by 139
Hawkins, C., Chalamilla, G., Okuma, J. O., Spiegelman, D. L., Hertzmark, E., Aris, E. A., Ewald, T., Mugusi, F. M., Mtasiwa, D. M., & Fawzi, W. W. (2011) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e3283471deb · Cited by 133
Demographic patterns of HIV testing uptake in sub-Saharan Africa
Staveteig, S. E., Wang, S., Head, S. K., Bradley, S., & Nybro, E. (2013) · Cited by 117
Mburu, G., Ram, M., Siu, G., Bitira, D., Skovdal, M., & Holland, P. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1061 · Cited by 114
DiCarlo, A. L., Mantell, J. E., Remien, R. H., Zerbe, A., Morris, D., Pitt, B., Abrams, E. J., & El-Sadr, W. M. (2014) · Culture, Health & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/13691058.2014.913812 · Cited by 95
Equity in HIV testing: evidence from a cross-sectional study in ten Southern African countries
Mitchell, S. L., Cockcroft, A., Lamothe, G., & Andersson, N. (2010) · BMC International Health and Human Rights · doi:10.1186/1472-698x-10-23 · Cited by 66
Small, E., Nikolova, S., & Narendorf, S. C. (2013) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0541-x · Cited by 29
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Strategies for engaging men in HIV services
Colvin, C. J. (2019) · The Lancet HIV · doi:10.1016/s2352-3018(19)30032-3 · Cited by 129
Barriers to HIV testing uptake among men in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review
Hlongwa, M., Mashamba-Thompson, T. P., Makhunga, S., & Hlongwana, K. W. (2020) · African Journal of AIDS Research · doi:10.2989/16085906.2020.1725071 · Cited by 110
Pettifor, A. E., Lippman, S. A., Gottert, A., Suchindran, C., Selin, A., Peacock, D., Maman, S., Rebombo, D., Twine, R., Gómez-Olivé, F. X., et al. (2018) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.1002/jia2.25134 · Cited by 106
Comparative assessment of five trials of universal HIV testing and treatment in sub‐Saharan Africa
Perriat, D., Balzer, L. B., Hayes, R., Lockman, S., Walsh, F. J., Ayles, H., Floyd, S., Havlir, D. V., Kamya, M. R., Lebelonyane, R., et al. (2018) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.1002/jia2.25048 · Cited by 97
Self-citationNakimuli-Mpungu, E., Musisi, S., Wamala, K., Okello, J., Ndyanabangi, S., Birungi, J., Nanfuka, M., Etukoit, M., Mayora, C., Ssengooba, F., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(19)30548-0 · Cited by 106
Metadata
- Authors
- Camlin, C. S., Ssemmondo, E., Chamie, G., El Ayadi, A. M., Kwarisiima, D., Sang, N., Kabami, J., Charlebois, E., Petersen, M., Clark, T. D., Bukusi, E. A., Cohen, C. R., R. Kamya, M., Havlir, D., & the SEARCH Collaboration
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (UG)
- Makerere University (UG)
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KE)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Camlin, Carol S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- AIDS Care
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-06-02
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- sup3
- Pages
- 67-73
- ISSN
- 0954-0121 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0451
- PMC
- PMC5749410
- OpenAlex
- W2470451908
- Cited by
- 181
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 12.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- AIDS Care (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)
- Government of Kenya
- Government of Uganda
- World Bank Group
- World Health Organization
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › HIV/AIDS Impact and Responses
- Keywords
- gender norms, masculinity, test and treat, barriers to HIV testing, antiretroviral therapy, care-seeking behavior, HIV risk perception, East Africa, Kenya, Uganda
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cultural Characteristics, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Kenya, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mass Screening, Men, Motivation, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Risk-Taking, Rural Population, Sexual Behavior, Uganda, Health Behavior, HIV Infections, Focus Groups, Qualitative Research, Young Adult, Masculinity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
