Preparing language teachers to teach language online: a look at skills, roles, and responsibilities

“…language learning, including Computer-assisted language learning (CALL) and blended language learning, has been increasingly prevailing over the last two decades with the popularity of the internet and the proliferation of computers both at home and in various educational settings (Compton, 2009).”

“Indeed, Easton (2003, in Compton, 2009) contends that online instructors need to undergo paradigm shifts in terms of; perceptions of instructional time and space; virtual management techniques, and; ways of engaging learners through virtual communications (Compton, 2009, p. 75).”

“Keywords—e-tutoring, teacher training, TPACK I. INTRODUCTION The integration of digital tools into the educational procedure has led educators to redefine their way of teaching, while at the same time has increased researchers’ and educators’ interest in pin-pointing appropriate methods for the…”

“…become one of the main priorities of my teaching now that I have known its benefits and facilities … in the future, I will try to use it more … According to Compton (2009), to use CALL in the future, the language teachers need to be aware of the educational aims of CALL so that they can benefit…”

“…the need for specific training to teach hybrid and online L2 courses, as it is considerably different from face-to-face language teaching (Compton, 2009; Ernest & Hopkins, 2006; Gallardo, Heiser, & Nicolson, 2011b; Goertler, 2011; Hampel & Stickler, 2005; Hauck & Stickler, 2006; Jones &…”

“On the other hand, Compton (2009) synthesizes the “existing but limited literature” specifically on the skills or strategies needed for online language teaching.”

“…(Hebert 2007), early childhood education (Heirdsfield et al. 2007), science (Nicholas and Ng 2009), mathematics (Li 2003), language and literacy (Compton 2009; Dashtestani 2014), outdoor education (Dyment et al. 2017; Smith et al. 2016) and health and physical education (McMahon and Thompson…”

“…concepteur, pourvoyeur et organisateur des apprentissages (Narcy, 1990), celui-ci se doit à présent de remplir de nouveaux rôles qui embrassent des fonctions aussi bien pédagogiques (comme le tutorat à distance, par exemple), qu’annexes à son cœur traditionnel de métier4 (Compton, 2009).”

“Skills such as facilitating online communication and building community are essential to establishing meaningful communicative interaction within an online learning environment (Compton, 2009).”

“For this reason, it will not be sufficient to evaluate mobile learning literacy skills only in the context of basic skills-advanced skills (Compton, 2009; Harrison & Thomas, 2009; Sun, 2014; Yang, 2011).”

“…language teachers often feel unprepared to face the changes generated by the integration of DT into their teaching practices and often struggle to incorporate learned knowledge from their teacher education programmes into their classrooms (Hubbard 2008, Compton 2009, Son and Windeatt 2017).”

“Online education is now popular, owing to the increasing popularity of the internet and the increasing number of individuals who have access to computers at home (Compton, 2009).”

“Compton (2009) proposed a framework that consists of three major sets of online teaching skills: a) technological; b) pedagogical; and c) evaluation.”

“As a result, educational stakeholders are currently navigating novel experiences and grappling with the distinct nature of online teaching, which may require different skills than face to face instruction (Compton, 2009).”

“Students learning online have responsibility for their own learning (Compton, 2009; Mickan, McQueen, & Lemhöfer, 2019).”

“While some Second Language Teacher Education (SLTE) researchers claim that F2F pedagogies do not easily transfer to online environments (e.g., Compton, 2009), some VW researchers claim that pedagogies for teaching in VWs can be adapted from teachers’ knowledge of F2F pedagogies.”

“…need to have “a paradigm shift in perceptions of instructional time and space, virtual management techniques, and ways of engaging students through virtual communications in addition to the communication skills already required for general effective classroom teaching” (Compton, 2009, p. 75).”

“In WEIRD contexts, it was reported that many teachers had difficulty designing FIGURE 1 Elements to develop an effective e-learning environment proposed by Liaw et al. (2007). content and structure for effective online classrooms (Compton, 2009).”

“Compton (2009) emphasizes that teachers may fail online to develop socialization, which is pertinent for language education.”

“…Romano & Schwartz, 2005), habiéndose observado que en el manejo de los recursos digitales, el uso de Sistemas de Soporte de Decisiones (SSD) ha mostrado ser de ayuda para definir y aclarar la toma de decisiones de los docentes y sus consecuencias (Arnott & Pervan, 2016; Compton, 2009; Walsh, 2003).”

“Compton (2009) describes how “the increase in online language learning has not been matched with an increase in teacher training for language teachers beyond the technical and software-specific skills” further adding that “a common approach to CALL in current language teacher education programmes…”

“Language teachers should play an important role in helping students maximally utilize different online materials (Compton, 2009, p. 88; Doughty & Long, 2003; Ushida, 2005).”

“The questionnaire was influenced by findings of previous studies (e.g. Buit-rago, 2013; Compton, 2009).”

“These include online teacher training (Compton, 2009); second language development theories and technology (Thorne & Smith, 2011); digital play (Reinhardt & Sykes, 2014); and, Web 2.0 tools and language learning (Thomas & Peterson, 2014).”

“Compton (2009) states that the developments in technology lead to increased group interaction among learners.”

“Even though this year’s e-learning is somewhat new and cruelly surprising, a lot of theoretical work and research indicates the essential factors that can determine the quality of elearning implementation and facilitate this inevitable process (Abuzagha & Tabieh, 2021; Compton, 2009; Hakim, 2020).”

“Language allows us to be relaxed in any situation, as it lets us know like we are [1].”

“Other researchers have advocated the use of such frameworks for online language teaching (Compton, 2009) and Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL) (Kukulska-Hulme, Norris & Donohue, 2015).”

“The challenges novice language teachers face has also been extensively researched (Compton, 2009; Egbert, 2006; Guichon, 2009; Lai, Zhao & Li, 2008; McNeil, 2013; O’Dowd, 2015; Slaouti, 2007; Smith & Erdoğan, 2008; and Stickler & Hampel, 2015).”

“Only a few studies, such as Kozlova and Priven (2005) and Compton (2009) have explored the type of knowledge and skills required to teach in virtual learning contexts.”

“More important than just being able to train and troubleshoot, teacher educators must provide opportunities to reflect upon and evaluate technological tools (see Chapelle & Hegelheimer, 2004; Compton, 2009).”

“With “the growth of the internet and the proliferation of computers and home and in educational settings” (Compton, 2009, p. 73) it is no wonder that substantial shifts in teachers’ roles and responsibilities are required to provide optimal educational experiences for students involved in all the…”

“It also reiterates and re - minds us of the significance of previous observations from Compton (2009) who acknowledges the changing roles and responsibilities of professional development stakeholders in light of the increasing uptake of online development oppor - tunities.”

“According to Hampel and Stickle in (Compton, 2009), they said that skills needed to teach language through technology are disparate than teaching in traditional ways.”

“Compton (2009) investigates language teacher qualities required to deliver effective online language teaching by highlighting that language teachers need more than digital literacy to achieve this task.”

“These opportunities were further closely examined in professional literature (Felix, 2003; Liu, 2013) and numerous articles (Compton, 2009; De Velazco & Hernández, 2018; Hampel & Stickler, 2005; Hernández, et al., 2020; Hernández, 2007; Jansem, 2021; Russell & Curtis, 2013).”

“…2009), forces them to rethink roles and practices (Hall & Knox, 2009; Meskill & Sadykova, 2011; Richardson & Alsup, 2015), and requires adapting instructional routines to the peculiarities of digital environments (Compton, 2009; Dooly, 2013; Hampel & Stickler, 2005; Meskill & Anthony, 2014, 2015).”

“La mayoría del profesorado de ELE en línea no tiene formación específica de enseñanza y TIC o en entornos virtuales.”

“Proficient teachers can modify necessary adjustments using their pedagogical and technological skills [7].”

“There seems to be consensus that technological skills are a requirement for effective online language teaching (Compton, 2009; Paepe et al., 2018).”

“Therefore, Online teachers ought to develop technological, pedagogical, and evaluation skills to be capable of performing their new tasks and responsibilities (Compton, 2009; Whyte & Gijse, 2016).”

“Moreover, the use of online applications could contribute to the new trend in the teaching paradigm by changing the setting of traditional to modern teaching and learning (Compton 2009; Heryandi, et.al, 2020).”

“…various instructional contexts such as face-to-face instruction, online learning and blended learning etc. (Huang, 2019; Keengwe & Kang, 2013; Compton, 2009) and among different subject areas such as English course, computer science course or mathematics course (Keiler, 2018; Huang, 2017;…”

“In order to address these problems, Compton attempts to redefine the framework for describing CALL teacher competences. It is postulated that there are three major instantiations of online language teaching, encompassing 1) technology in online language teaching, 2) pedagogy of online language teaching and 3) evaluati…”

“Pedagogy is one of three necessary areas in which Compton (2009) suggests teachers need proficiency to successfully teach in an online setting. A principled ESOL pedagogy is a necessary prerequisite to technology-driven language learning (Ibarz & Webb, 2007). Therefore teacher understanding of and provision for the la…”

“…and learner interactions [in using technology to learn]…” (Chapelle, 2009, p. 750), 2) knowledge “to design real-life tasks for students to learn English” using ICT (Kang et al., 2010, p. 3877), 3) Teacher ability to evaluate ICT tools , “tasks and [students’] performance” (Compton, 2009, p. 85) .”

“In the context of online language teaching, Compton (2009) proposed a framework for online language teaching skills, encompassing technological skills, pedagogical skills, and evaluative skills.”

“In line with the steady growth of the internet and the multimedia technology applications in language instruction (e.g., Chapelle, 1998; Compton, 2009; Hubbard, 2008; Lai & Gu, 2011; White, 2003), from the mid-1990s, the trend of English as a foreign language (EFL) education in Korean colleges has transformed from a c…”

“Compton, 2009).”

“j) the tools for evaluation inside its system needing to be less subjective and more consistent with the items and methods covered in the course; according to Compton (2009) such evaluation system must be based on criteria and descriptors that need to be clear, detailed, widely applicable and transparent (Serragiotto,…”

“Teaching online is completely different from traditional teaching, and new teaching methods are needed [25].”

“…in secondary education settings, higher education settings, and university degree programs (Baran & Correia, 2014; Bollinger, Inan, & Wasilik, 2014; Compton, 2009; Corry & Stella, 2012; Kennedy & Archambault, 2012a; Kennedy & Archambault, 2012b; Lorenzo & Moore, 2002; Paul & Cochran, 2013;…”

“In addition to providing instruction in the classroom, teachers are now acting as designers, facilitators, and technical troubleshooters (Compton, 2009).”

“The effectiveness of a teacher’s professional self-realisation directly depends on their competence and professionalism, teaching experience, life position, pedagogical skills and creativity (Compton, 2009).”

“These skills help teachers to use technology, but do not prepare them to use technology for language teaching (Compton, 2009a).”