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Negative self-imagery in social anxiety contaminates social interactions
Abstract
Patients with social phobia report experiencing negative images of themselves performing poorly when in feared social situations. The present study investigates whether such negative self-imagery (based on memory of past social situations) contaminates social interactions. High socially anxious volunteers participated in two conversations with another volunteer (conversational partner). During one conversation, the socially anxious volunteers held in mind a negative self-image, and during the other they held in mind a less negative (control) self-image. As predicted, when holding the negative image the socially anxious volunteers felt more anxious, reported using more safety behaviours, believed that they performed more poorly, and showed greater overestimation of how poorly they came across (relative to ratings by the conversational partner). Conversational partners rated the socially anxious volunteers' performance as poorer in the negative image condition. Furthermore, the conversation was contaminated since both groups of participants rated its quality as poorer in the negative image condition.
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“Although behaviors such as polite smiles, directing gaze downward, restricting speech in conversation, and speaking softly may serve to reduce anxiety in the moment, they have been associated with negative perceptions from observers and decreased willingness among peers to re-engage the individual in conversation in a lab setting, particularly in ambiguous social tasks (130–132).”
From MDMA-Assisted Therapy as a Means to Alter Affective, Cognitive, Behavioral, and Neurological Systems Underlying Social Dysfunction in Social Anxiety Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [130]
In the citing paper
“This negative impact on symptoms has been confirmed by empirical findings (e.g., Hirsch, Meynen, and Clark 2004).”
From Negative Flashforward Imagery in Adolescent Social Anxiety Disorder: A Pilot Study of Imagery Reports and a Short EMDR Intervention. (2024) · cites this paper as Hirsch, Meynen, and Clark 2004
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The Potential of Video Game Streaming as Exposure Therapy for Social Anxiety
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“This image is affected by different sources, such as previous experiences and the (likely) distorted recollection of them [62], the context of the situation [97], and cultural expectations [16].”
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BackgroundThe Relationship Between Negative Self-imagery and Social Anxiety in a Clinically Diagnosed Sample
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“Negative imagery increases the use of safety behaviors such as avoiding eye contact, and it exacerbates poor performance in conversation in socially anxious individuals (Hirsch et al., 2003, 2004).”
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“…people with social anxiety turn their attention to themselves, lose interest in the environment, focus on observing themselves and their thoughts, criticize themselves, lose the management of these feelings and thoughts, and focus on negative elements (Garcia et al., 2019; Hirsch et al., 2004).”
Flashforward imagery in speech anxiety: Characteristics and associations with anxiety and avoidance
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Self-citationImproving the reporting of sport imagery interventions with TIDieR
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“Unlike avoidance behaviors, impression management primarily manifests strictly monitoring and controlling one’s behavior to attempt to create a favorable social image (Hirsch et al., 2004; Plasencia et al., 2011).”
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“We induced a specific self-image using the script used in Yoon (2013), which was modified from Hirsch et al. (2004) and Stopa and Jenkins (2007), to help participants to relive each experience to its fullest.”
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Wild, J., Warnock‐Parkes, E., Stott, R. B., Kwok, A. P., Chan, M. H. L., Powell, C. L. Y. M., Leung, P. W. L., Clark, D. M., & Thew, G. R. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.017 · Cited by 8
“Video feedback works by updating the distorted image or impression patients have of themselves in social situations that maintain SAD (Clark and Wells, 1995; Hirsch et al., 2004).”
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“3 6 Moreover, if left untreated, the risk for comorbid psychiatric conditions like depression and other anxiety disorders also increases.”
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“Impression management is an attempt to feign a good impression on others by tightly monitoring and controlling one’s behaviors (Hirsch et al., 2004; Plasencia et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDocumenting the late positive potential towards self-imagery within social anxiety
Kraft, J. D., Grant, D. M., Taylor, D. L., Frosio, K. E., Deros, D. E., Nagel, K. M., & White, E. J. (2022) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2022.111457 · Cited by 7
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“Studies that manipulated self-image (negative, positive, or relaxed) by instructing participants to keep the self-image in mind before (and during) a social task, conducted with high and low socially anxious participants, found an association between a negative self-image and heightened anxiety during a conversation w…”
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“For example, it is suggested that typical SAD patients report less confidence with regard to how others perceive them and that they need more information to become comfortable with how they might be perceived by others (Hirsch et al. 2004).”
BackgroundEarly phase testing of functional imagery training as an intervention for anxiety
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“For example, holding negative images in mind has been shown to elicit increased internal monitoring and use of safety behaviors (e.g., Hirsch et al., 2004), which detract from skillful social engagement and adversely affect social performance (Çili & Stopa, 2015; Rowa et al., 2015).”
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“…self-focused attention, safety behaviours, negative inferential bias, and over-estimation of the visibility of their symptoms (Hirsch et al., 2003a; Hirsch et al., 2003b; Hirsch et al., 2004; Makkar and © British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 2019 Grisham, 2011).”
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“This may be due to self-protective, avoidant safety behaviours (Hirsch et al., 2004) and increased selffocussed attention (Clark & Wells, 1995; Rapee & Heimberg, 1997).”
BackgroundAn experimental approach: Investigating the directive function of autobiographical memory
Duff, N., Salmon, K., & Macaskill, A. C. (2023) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-023-01480-w · Cited by 6
“A person’s self-concept therefore influences a person’s beliefs about the self (e.g., their self-efficacy) and thus their behavior (Conway et al., 2004a, b; Hirsch et al., 2004; Marsh & Martin, 2011).”
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Emotion-Focused Techniques in Schema Therapy and the Role of Exposure Techniques
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“For example, avoidance behaviours, but not impression management behaviours, were linked with negative overall impressions of socially anxious individuals (Hirsch et al ., 2004) and lower interest in future interactions by conversation partners (Plasencia et al ., 2011).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hirsch, C., Meynen, T., & Clark, D.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Venue
- Memory
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2004-07
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 496-506
- ISSN
- 0965-8211 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0686
- OpenAlex
- W2164519397
- Cited by
- 216
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 9.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Memory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (069777)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Keywords
- social anxiety, social anxiety disorder, self-image, safety behavior, performance anxiety, overestimation of performance, social interaction
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Anxiety, Communication Barriers, Female, Humans, Imagination, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Psychology, Social, Surveys and Questionnaires, Safety, Self-Assessment, Self Concept, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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