Cited by 216Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Treatments and AssessmentsBody Image and Dysmorphia Studies

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Negative self-imagery in social anxiety contaminates social interactions

Hirsch, Colette, Meynen, Tim, Clark, David·2004·Memory

DOI 10.1080/09658210444000106

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Abstract

Patients with social phobia report experiencing negative images of themselves performing poorly when in feared social situations. The present study investigates whether such negative self-imagery (based on memory of past social situations) contaminates social interactions. High socially anxious volunteers participated in two conversations with another volunteer (conversational partner). During one conversation, the socially anxious volunteers held in mind a negative self-image, and during the other they held in mind a less negative (control) self-image. As predicted, when holding the negative image the socially anxious volunteers felt more anxious, reported using more safety behaviours, believed that they performed more poorly, and showed greater overestimation of how poorly they came across (relative to ratings by the conversational partner). Conversational partners rated the socially anxious volunteers' performance as poorer in the negative image condition. Furthermore, the conversation was contaminated since both groups of participants rated its quality as poorer in the negative image condition.

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Lloyd, J., & Marczak, M. (2022) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s135246582200008x · Cited by 27
“Studies have found that holding an NSI (compared with a neutral selfimage) is associated with an increase in safety-seeking behaviours, anxiety and critical appraisals of social performance (Hirsch et al., 2004; Ng et al., 2014).”
Background
Developing and disseminating effective psychological treatments: Science, practice and economics.
Clark, D. M. (2013) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/a0031258 · Cited by 24
“Hirsch, Meynen, and Clark (2004) demonstrated that such images have a causal role by asking individuals with social anxiety disorder to switch between their usual negative self-images and more realistic images while having a conversation with a stranger.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Hooking the Self Onto the Past: How Positive Autobiographical Memory Retrieval Benefits People With Social Anxiety
Moscovitch, D. A., White, K., & Hudd, T. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026231195792 · Cited by 20
“…people experience intrusive, vivid, recurrent, and distressing images and memories in which they envision themselves appearing or behaving in embarrassing or socially inappropriate ways (Chiupka et al., 2012; Hackmann et al., 1998, 2000; Hirsch et al., 2004; D. A. Moscovitch et al., 2011, 2018).”
Background
Recurrent involuntary imagery in people who stutter and people who do not stutter
Tudor, H., Davis, S., Brewin, C. R., & Howell, P. (2013) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.06.003 · Cited by 20
“Hirsch, Meynen, and Clark (2004) found that when socially-anxious individuals held a negative self-image during a conversation they became increasingly apprehensive, reported greater use of safety behaviors, believed they performed more poorly and overestimated how poorly they came across, compared…”
Background
Imagery Rescripting: Exploratory Evaluation of a Short Intervention to Reduce Test Anxiety in University Students
Maier, A., Schaitz, C., Kroener, J., Connemann, B. J., & Sosic-Vasic, Z. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00084 · Cited by 18
“However, mental images also occur frequently within social phobia, where the individual suffers from negative images of personal failure (27).”
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Birtel, M. D., & Crisp, R. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01771 · Cited by 22
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McEvoy, P. M., Erceg-Hurn, D. M., Barber, K. C., Dupasquier, J. R., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.05.007 · Cited by 17
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Voluntary and Involuntary Imagery in Social Anxiety
Homer, S. R., & Deeprose, C. (2017) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465817000017 · Cited by 16
“By their very nature, intrusive images are representative of the general phenomenology and possible maintenance mechanisms of social anxiety (e.g. Hirsch et al., 2003; 2004; Hulme et al., 2012), indicating that they may be a beneficial treatment target.”
The enhancement of beneficial effects following audio feedback by cognitive preparation in the treatment of social anxiety: A single-session experiment
Nilsson, J.-E., Lundh, L., Faghihi, S., & Roth-Andersson, G. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.05.004 · Cited by 16
Modifying Negative Self-Imagery Increases the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Benchmarking Study
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Cognitive Bias Modification in Pre-adolescent Children: Inducing an Interpretation Bias Affects Self-imagery
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“…anxiety levels, poorer self and observer ratings of performance, increased bodily perceptions, negative ruminative thinking and the use of safety behaviours (Hirsch et al. 2006b; Hirsch et al. 2004; Makkar and Grisham 2011; Spurr and Stopa 2003; Stopa and Jenkins 2007; Vassilopoulos 2005).”
Background

Authors: Hirsch, C., Meynen, T., & Clark, D.
Affiliations: King's College London (GB)
ORCID: Hirsch, Colette
Meynen, Tim
Clark, David
Venue: Memory
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2004-07
Volume: 12
Issue: 4
Pages: 496-506
ISSN: 0965-8211 (ISSN-L)
1464-0686
DOI: 10.1080/09658210444000106
OpenAlex: W2164519397
Cited by: 216
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 9.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Memory (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust (069777)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
Keywords: social anxiety, social anxiety disorder, self-image, safety behavior, performance anxiety, overestimation of performance, social interaction
MeSH terms: Analysis of Variance, Anxiety, Communication Barriers, Female, Humans, Imagination, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Psychology, Social, Surveys and Questionnaires, Safety, Self-Assessment, Self Concept, Social Behavior

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Negative self-imagery in social anxiety contaminates social interactions

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