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Investigating the potential of NLP-driven linguistic and acoustic features for predicting human scores of children’s oral language proficiency
Abstract
Children’s oral language proficiency (OLP) is integral for developing literacy skills. Storytelling or retelling is often used by parents and educators to elicit children’s OLP, yet it is less commonly used for assessment purposes. Leveraged by natural language processing and machine learning, this study examined the extent to which computational linguistic and acoustic indices predict human ratings of children’s (n=184 aged 9 to 11) OLP using two story retell stimuli presented in written and aural forms. Human raters scored children’s OLP on five oral proficiency criteria: vocabulary, grammar, idea development, task-fulfilment, and speech delivery, using a 4-point scale, and linguistic and acoustic features were used to predict each criterion. Results showed the efficacy of automated indices to predict human scores of children’s OLP. This study calls for attention to discrepancies in human and machine speech delivery scores and stimulus effects on story retelling performance among children of different language backgrounds.
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“One current challenge is that many automated speech recognition (ASR) systems (e.g., Google, Microsoft, IBM) are trained on adult speech samples, and often produce higher than acceptable error rates for children's speech (Hunte et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2019; but see Fox et al., 2021).”
From Early Identification of Language Disorders Using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning: Challenges and Emerging Approaches (2025) · cites this paper as Hunte et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“Children's speech differs from adults, showing age-dependent changes in vocal tract length, decreased fluency and prosody, elongated vowels, and more pitch/volume instability (see Hunte et al., 2021, for review).”
From Early Identification of Language Disorders Using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning: Challenges and Emerging Approaches (2025) · cites this paper as Hunte et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“Automated speech recognition has shown to be less accurate for children's speech than for adults.”
From Early Identification of Language Disorders Using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning: Challenges and Emerging Approaches (2025) · cites this paper as Hunte et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“For example, the word error rate obtained from Google ASR was found to be relatively high (25%) for a sample of children compared to other samples reported by Google (5%; Hunte et al., 2021).”
From Early Identification of Language Disorders Using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning: Challenges and Emerging Approaches (2025) · cites this paper as Hunte et al., 2021
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An exploration of automated narrative analysis via machine learning
Jones, S., Fox, C., Gillam, S., & Gillam, R. B. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224634 · Cited by 20
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lammert, J. M., Roberts, A. C., McRae, K., Batterink, L. J., & Butler, B. E. (2025) · Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2024_jslhr-24-00515 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Hunte, M. R., McCormick, S., Shah, M., Lau, C., & Jang, E. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Hunte, Melissa R.
- Venue
- Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2021-07-04
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 477-505
- ISSN
- 0969-594X (ISSN-L)
- 1465-329X
- OpenAlex
- W4205974171
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 2.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Speech Recognition and Synthesis
- Keywords
- retelling, automated grading, linguistic features, acoustic features, human-rater agreement, speech delivery, vocabulary, grammar, idea development, language background, literacy development
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- Hunte, M. R., McCormick, S., Shah, M., Lau, C., & Jang, E. E. (2021). Investigating the potential of NLP-driven linguistic and acoustic features for predicting human scores of children’s oral language proficiency. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594x.2021.1999209