Artificial neural networks and multiple linear regression as potential methods for modelling body surface temperature of pig
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An experiment was conducted to evaluate modelling relationships between pig’s body surface temperature and ambient environment including inside and outside of pig barn. For this purpose, four different artificial neural network (ANN), including Feed Forward Back-propagation (FFB), Layer recurrent (LR), Elman (EL) and Cascade Forward Back-propagation (CFB) with different learning algorithms, transfer functions, hidden layers and neuron in each layer, and multi-linear regression (MLR) models have been performed to predict body temperature of pig. Six two-month-old pigs were studied over a period of 92 days during two years (2017–2018) to develop and evaluate the ANN and MLR models. The performance of the models in predicting pig’s body temperature was determined using statistical quality parameters, including coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The FFB model with the Levenberg-Marquardt training function, Gradient descent weight and bias learning function, Log-sigmoid transfer function and two hidden layers with 20 neurons was found as the best model. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the temperature-humidity index (THI) inside the room is the most influential factor in predicting pig’s body temperature in the MLR/ANN models.
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Self-citationFrom Reality to Virtuality: Revolutionizing Livestock Farming Through Digital Twins
Arulmozhi, E., Deb, N. C., Tamrakar, N., Kang, D. Y., Kang, M. Y., Kook, J., Basak, J. K., & Kim, H. T. (2024) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture14122231 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Machine learning (ML): ML, a form of artificial intelligence, allows computers to acquire knowledge from data and make inferences or judgments without explicit programming [38,39].”
Self-citationNon-Destructive Estimation of Fruit Weight of Strawberry Using Machine Learning Models
Basak, J. K., Paudel, B., Kim, N. E., et al. (2022) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy12102487 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationModelling methane emissions from pig manure using statistical and machine learning methods
Basak, J. K., Arulmozhi, E., Moon, B. E., Bhujel, A., & Kim, H. T. (2022) · Air Quality Atmosphere & Health · doi:10.1007/s11869-022-01169-0 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Different architectures of ANN, like feed forward-back propagation neural network (Basak et al. 2020), adaptive logic network (Qu et al. 2001), radial basis function network (Boilot et al. 2002), self-organizing map network (Sinesio et al. 2000), time-delay neural network (Zhang et al. 2003), and…”
MethodResultSelf-citationMadhavi, B. G. K., Basak, J. K., Paudel, B., et al. (2022) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy12050981 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“MLR has been more extensively applied in agricultural fields than other prediction techniques [23,24].”
MethodSelf-citationJeon, E., Jang, S.-H., Yeo, J. M., et al. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13182946 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“The selection of optimum input variables is essential for when determining a suitable model structure [29].”
Basak, J. K., Kim, N. E., Shahriar, S. A., et al. (2022) · Air Quality Atmosphere & Health · doi:10.1007/s11869-022-01225-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“To gain a better understanding of the relationship between ambient environmental parameters inside and outside of pig barns, the results of our previous study were described (Basak et al. 2020).”
ResultSelf-citationBasak, J. K., Paudel, B., Deb, N. C., et al. (2023) · Computers and Electronics in Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.compag.2023.108269 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, L., Hu, Q., Wang, L., Shi, H., Lai, C., & Zhang, S. (2022) · Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology/Journal of animal science and biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40104-022-00707-1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“As a result, the MR models could not fully capture the highly complex relations between growth traits and other indicators [50].”
BackgroundDevelopment and Validation of Low-Cost Indoor Air Quality Monitoring System for Swine Buildings
Arulmozhi, E., Bhujel, A., Deb, N. C., et al. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24113468 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Pork is globally the second most consumed meat after poultry and beef, which account for 92% of total meat produced [1,2].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBasak, J. K., Paudel, B., Shahriar, S. A., et al. (2023) · Computers and Electronics in Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.compag.2023.107934 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationEvaluation of crop water stress index of wheat by using machine learning models
Yadav, A., Narakala, L. M., Upreti, H., & Singhal, G. D. (2024) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-024-13113-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“11 (Basak et al., 2020).”
Anand, M. T., Anandakumar, S., Pare, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Food Process Engineering · doi:10.1111/jfpe.13944 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ullah, F., Ismail, M., Basak, J. K., et al. (2025) · Environmental Geochemistry and Health · doi:10.1007/s10653-025-02955-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“A higher R 2 value, combined with lower MAE and RMSE, values, reflects improved model performance (Basak et al., 2020; Bui et al., 2020).”
Self-citationSantoro, L. M., D’Urso, P. R., Arcidiacono, C., et al. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15202967 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“New strategies emerged to build this kind of approach, and the most promising have been found to be artificial neural network (ANN) models [18,19].”
Deb, N. C., Basak, J. K., Karki, S., Arulmozhi, E., Kang, D. Y., Tamrakar, N., Seo, E. W., Kook, J., Kang, M. Y., & Kim, H. T. (2025) · Journal of Agriculture and Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2025.101700 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationEvaluation of Body Surface Temperature in Pigs Using Geostatistics
Alves, M. D. F. A., Pandorfi, H., Montenegro, A. A. D. A., et al. (2023) · AgriEngineering · doi:10.3390/agriengineering5020069 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Pookamnerd, Y., Phatungthane, T., & Summatta, C. (2025) · EUREKA Physics and Engineering · doi:10.21303/2461-4262.2025.003504 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Jeon, E., Cho, S., Hwang, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of King Saud University - Science · doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2023.103008 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Basak, J. K., Sonet, S. S., Rumman, R., et al. (2025) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-025-14382-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationMachine Learning Models for Predicting Indoor Air Temperature of Smart Building
Traboulsi, S., & Knauth, S. (2022) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-96040-7_44 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zhuang, Y., Cao, M., Ji, H., Liu, Y., Li, S., Zhang, J., Wang, C., & Teng, G. (2025) · Computers and Electronics in Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.compag.2025.110828 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sonet, S. S., Basak, J. K., Akter, S., Paudel, B., Rumman, R., & Jhan, P. K. (2025) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/s10750-025-06067-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationChakraborty, M., Ismail, M., Basak, J. K., et al. (2026) · Water Environment Research · doi:10.1002/wer.70480 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“MLP is a class of ANN designed to address tasks such as regression, image classification, and modeling complex nonlinear systems (Basak et al. 2020).”
Self-citationThe Influence of External Parameters on the Ripeness of Pumpkins
Emah, K., Hu, L., Boamah, S., et al. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24010143 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“, air humidity, soil humidity, and illumination for summer was calculated to be 2%, 2.12%, 1.05%, 2.60%, and 0.91%, respectively.”
BackgroundInfluentialChung, C.-C., Chen, H., Han, J. L., et al. (2024) · Chemical Engineering Communications · doi:10.1080/00986445.2024.2406020 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…Forward Back-propagation, with different learning algorithms, transfer functions, numbers of hidden layers and neurons, and multi-linear regression models, have been developed to model the relationships between a pig’s body surface temperature and the ambient environment (Basak et al. 2020).”
Prediction of Indoor Temperature in an Experimental Pig Barn by Using Machine Learning Model
Seo, E. W., Kang, D. Y., Jeon, S. W., et al. (2024) · Journal of Agriculture & Life Science · doi:10.14397/jals.2024.58.4.85 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationZhuang, Y., Cao, M., Liu, Y., Ji, H., Li, S., zhang, J., Wang, C., & Teng, G. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4571000
Prediction of Feed Intake during Growing Finishing Stage of Pigs Using Machine Learning Model
Seo, E. W., Kang, D. Y., Jeon, S. W., et al. (2025) · Journal of Agriculture & Life Science · doi:10.14397/jals.2025.59.1.75
Self-citationNofiyanti, S. H., Setiyo, Y., Muna, M. S., et al. (2025) · Jurnal Ilmiah Rekayasa Pertanian dan Biosistem · doi:10.29303/jrpb.v13i2.1187
Explainable machine learning for skin temperature estimation in group-housed finishing pigs
Zhuang, Y., Ji, H., Teng, G., Hao, Z., Zhao, C., Li, Q., Zhou, Z., Liu, Y., Yu, L., & Yang, G. (2026) · Smart Agricultural Technology · doi:10.1016/j.atech.2026.101843
Systematic review on mechanistic thermal models of pigs: A comparative study
Put, O. I., Maselyne, J., & Lecompte, S. (2026) · Biosystems Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2026.104496
Islam, M. S., Ismail, M., Basak, J. K., et al. (2026) · Irrigation and Drainage · doi:10.1002/ird.70185
Self-citationBasak, J. K., Hasan, S., Ismail, M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Microbiological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2026.107699
Self-citation
- Authors
- Basak, J. K., Okyere, F. G., Arulmozhi, E., Park, J., Khan, F., & Kim, H. T.
- Affiliations
- Gyeongsang National University (KR)
- Department of Bio-systems Engineering, Gyeongsang National University (Institute of Smart Farm), Jinju, Korea
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Hyeon Tae
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Animal Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-01-01
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 207-219
- ISSN
- 0971-2119 (ISSN-L)
- 0974-1844
- OpenAlex
- W3026136812
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 3.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Animal Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Smart Agriculture and AI
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Building Energy and Comfort Optimization
- Keywords
- artificial neural networks, multiple linear regression, feedforward backpropagation, temperature-humidity index, barn environment, thermal comfort, Levenberg-Marquardt training
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