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On the incompatibility of ‘Western’ and Aboriginal views of Restorative Justice in Canada: a claim based on an understanding of the Cree justice
Abstract
‘Restorative justice’ (RJ) has been a popular notion in Canada. A common belief has been that ‘‘western approaches’ to RJ are compatible with that of Canada’s Aboriginals. I hold a different position. I argue that the religious beliefs of Canada’s Aboriginals are basic to their understanding of RJ. As such, their view of RJ is essentially incompatible with western approaches, which are secular. Any similarity between the two is only an apparent one produced by the indiscriminate uses of similar terms such as ‘holistic’, ‘healing’ or ‘restoration’. I support my argument by providing an account of Canada’s largest Aboriginal group’s view of RJ: the Cree. I demonstrate that it is based on certain religious principles that are absent from western approaches to RJ. As such, it is fundamentally incompatible with secular western approaches to RJ in Canada. These religious principles, basically and broadly speaking, are shared by all Aboriginal groups in Canada.
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What is often conceived as 'risky' behavior from the Eurocentric viewpoint of Canada's criminal justice system can be viewed as an expression of self-determination by Indigenous communities.
“What is often conceived as 'risky' behavior from the Eurocentric viewpoint of Canada's criminal justice system can be viewed as an expression of self-determination by Indigenous communities (Barmaki, 2022).”
From Colonization, Normalization and Risk-Assessment: The Case of Youth Criminal Justice Act and Correctional Overrepresentation of Indigenous Youth in Canada (2025) · cites this paper as Barmaki, 2022
Indigenous culture cherishes virtues such as spirituality, modesty, patience, honesty, charity, courage, wisdom, compassion, moderation, respect, restorative resolution of conflicts, and care for community and environment.
“This culture cherishes virtues such as spirituality, modesty, patience, honesty, charity, courage, wisdom, compassion, moderation, respect, restorative resolution of conflicts, and care for community and environment (Barmaki, 2022).”
From Colonization, Normalization and Risk-Assessment: The Case of Youth Criminal Justice Act and Correctional Overrepresentation of Indigenous Youth in Canada (2025) · cites this paper as Barmaki, 2022
Indigenous peoples have different views of justice and its related processes than the dominant Eurocentric one.
“Thirdly, Indigenous peoples have different views of justice and its related processes than the dominant Eurocentric one (see Barmaki, 2022).”
From Colonization, Normalization and Risk-Assessment: The Case of Youth Criminal Justice Act and Correctional Overrepresentation of Indigenous Youth in Canada (2025) · cites this paper as Barmaki, 2022
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Metadata
- Authors
- Barmaki, R.
- Affiliations
- York University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Barmaki, Reza
- ORCID
- Barmaki, Reza
- Venue
- Contemporary Justice Review
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2021-12-27
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 24-55
- ISSN
- 1028-2580 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-2248
- OpenAlex
- W4200350858
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 153
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 4.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Contemporary Justice Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Social Sciences › Law › Indigenous Peoples' Rights and Law
- Social Sciences › Law › Legal and Policy Analysis in Indonesia
- Keywords
- restorative justice, Aboriginal justice, religious beliefs, secularism, cultural incompatibility, Indigenous legal traditions, Canada
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