Nutritional and environmental factors in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A cross-sectional study
Abstract
Objectives Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been related to nutrient deficiencies and 'unhealthy' diets, and to date there is only one study that examined the relationship between the Mediterranean diet and ADHD. The aim was to determine the association between those environmental, nutritional, and body composition factors that may affect the pathogenesis and symptomatology of patients with ADHD in Spain. Methods A total of 89 children and adolescents (41 with diagnosed ADHD and 48 controls) were studied in an observation case-control study. Anthropometry, nutritional status, adherence to a Mediterranean diet, sedentary behaviour, and sleep were measured. Results Lower adherence to a Mediterranean diet was associated with ADHD diagnosis. Individuals with ADHD more often missed having a second serving of vegetables daily and showed reduced intakes of fish, pulses, and pasta or rice almost every day when compared with controls. Statistically significant differences (P Conclusion Low adherence to a Mediterranean diet might play a role in ADHD development. Not only specific nutrients but also the whole diet should be considered in ADHD. No clear association was found for anthropometry and sedentary behaviours.
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Obesity and nutritional deficiencies, lower serum levels of ferritin, and iron deficiency as postnatal factors have been suggested to promote abnormalities in the brain and thereby influence the onset of ADHD.
“Obesity and nutritional deficiencies (deficiency in the intake of essential fatty acids), lower serum levels of ferritin, and iron deficiency, as postnatal factors, have been suggested to promote abnormalities in the brain and thereby influence the onset of ADHD [66–69].”
From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [67]
Cites
Polanczyk, G. V., Salum, G. A., Sugaya, L. S., Caye, A., & Rohde, L. A. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12381 · Cited by 3,990 · see citing works
The Mediterranean Diet and ADHD in Children and Adolescents
Ríos-Hernández, A., Alda, J. A., Farran-Codina, A., Ferreira-García, E., & Izquierdo-Pulido, M. (2017) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2027 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Lingineni, R. K., Biswas, S., Ahmad, N., Jackson, B. E., Bae, S., & Singh, K. P. (2012) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2431-12-50 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Ptacek, R., Stefano, G., Weissenberger, S., Akotia, D., Raboch, J., Papezova, H., Stepankova, T., Goetz, M., & Domkarova, L. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s68763 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
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Quintero, J., Gutiérrez-Casares, J. R., & Álamo, C. (2022) · Neurology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40120-022-00392-2 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
- Authors
- San Mauro Martín, I., Blumenfeld Olivares, J. A., Garicano Vilar, E., Echeverry López, M., García Bernat, M., Quevedo Santos, Y., Blanco López, M., Elortegui Pascual, P., Borregon Rivilla, E., & Rincón Barrado, M.
- Affiliations
- Research Centers in Nutrition and Health (CINUSA group), Paseo de la Habana, 43. 28036, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital El Escorial. Ctra. M-600, Km. 6,255. 28200, San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Department, Research Centers in Nutrition and Health (CINUSA group), Madrid, Spain
- Venue
- Nutritional Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-06-11
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 641-647
- ISSN
- 1028-415X (ISSN-L)
- 1476-8305
- OpenAlex
- W2623876997
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 2.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nutritional Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Mediterranean diet adherence, dietary intake, nutritional status, sedentary behavior, sleep, body mass index, children and adolescents, fish consumption, breakfast skipping, anthropometry
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anthropometry, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Body Composition, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Nutritional Status, Patient Compliance, Sleep, Spain, Exercise, Prevalence, Case-Control Studies, Diet, Mediterranean, Sedentary Behavior
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