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Cited by 60Eating Disorders and BehaviorsAttention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderChild Nutrition and Feeding Issues

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and disordered eating behaviors: Links, risks, and challenges faced

Open access
Ptacek, Radek, Stefano, George, Weissenberger, Simon, Akotia, Devang, Raboch, Jiri, Papezova, Hana, Stepankova, Tereza, Goetz, Michal +1 more·2016·Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
DOI 10.2147/ndt.s68763PMC PMC4780667
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Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that often persists in adulthood. It is defined by inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. ADHD is associated with many comorbidities, including eating disorders (EDs). In the last decade, studies have reported that ADHD is linked with binge EDs, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa. Many postulates have been proposed to explain the association: 1) impulsive behavior in ADHD patients leads to disordered eating behavior; 2) other psychologic comorbidities present in ADHD patients account for eating behavior; 3) poor eating habits and resulting nutritional deficiencies contribute to ADHD symptoms; and 4) other risk factors common to both ADHD and EDs contribute to the coincidence of both diseases. Additionally, sex differences become a significant issue in the discussion of EDs and ADHD because of the higher incidence of bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa in females and the ability of females to mask the symptoms of ADHD. Interestingly, both EDs and ADHD rely on a common neural substrate, namely, dopaminergic signaling. Dopaminergic signaling is critical for motor activity and emotion, the latter enabling the former into a combined motivated movement like eating. This linkage aids in explaining the many comorbidities associated with ADHD. The interconnection of ADHD and EDs is discussed from both a historical perspective and the one based on the revealing nature of its comorbidities.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This narrative review argues that ADHD and disordered eating behaviors—especially binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, obesity, and possibly anorexia nervosa—are strongly linked through shared impulsivity, comorbidity, and dopaminergic pathways. It highlights clinical challenges including sex differences, underdiagnosis of ADHD in girls, and the need for early monitoring of eating and affective symptoms.

Key findings

  • ADHD prevalence is reported as ~5.3% in pediatric and 3.4% in adult populations, and ~70% of ADHD patients display at least one other comorbid disorder; the EDs most associated with ADHD are binge eating disorder (BED) and bulimia nervosa (BN), while the AN–ADHD link is described as more controversial.
  • In the Raine study of 1,799 adolescents, 115 had ADHD, and ADHD symptoms were associated with a “western” diet (odds ratio [OR] = 2.21); other cited studies link ADHD to unhealthy foods, skipping breakfast/dinner, more than five meals daily, sweetened beverages, and deficiencies in iron, zinc, and omega-3/6 fatty acids.
  • Obesity findings include Altfas’s 27.4% ADHD prevalence among obese adults; a 43,297 US adolescent study with adjusted OR = 1.5; and a German sample of 1,633 adults showing ADHD prevalence of 9.3% in obese vs 3.8% overweight and 4.3% normal-weight individuals, with ADHD participants twice as likely to be obese (22.1% vs 10.2%).
  • Loss of control eating was higher in children with ADHD (adjusted OR = 12.68); BN is nearly 12 times more common in girls than boys, while pediatric ADHD is estimated to be three times more common in boys than girls, and impulsivity/inattention correlate with BED/BN severity, with depression, anxiety, and oppositional defiant disorder proposed as mediators.

Methods

  • Design: narrative literature review described as an “extensive literature review,” synthesizing prior studies; no systematic review, meta-analysis, or primary data collection is described.
  • Data/sample: cites clinical, cross-sectional, longitudinal, case, neuroimaging, and genetic studies across child and adult, clinical and community samples; no single sample or search strategy is reported.
  • Analysis: narrative synthesis of associations and proposed mechanisms, including impulsivity/executive dysfunction, dopaminergic signaling, psychiatric comorbidity, and sex differences.

Limitations

  • Stated: the AN–ADHD link is unclear, with few studies and small numbers of subjects; no study has longitudinally examined the complex interaction from cyclical shifting between ED subtypes and ADHD; early ADHD diagnosis is challenging, and public education may risk overdiagnosis.
  • Evident: as a narrative review, it lacks systematic search/inclusion criteria and formal quality assessment, so selection and citation bias cannot be ruled out; many cited associations are cross-sectional, limiting causal inference.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2147/ndt.s68763

Cites

115 of 115 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 122 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    In premedicated newly diagnosed ADHD boys, disruptive dietary patterns were accompanied by diminished consumption of fruits and vegetables and increased consumption of sweetened beverages.

    “We also found that these disruptive dietary patterns were accompanied by diminished consumption of fruits and vegetables and increased consumption of sweetened beverages.25”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [25] Ptacek R Kuzelova H Stefano GB Disruptive patterns of eating behaviors and associated lifestyles in males with ADHD Med Sci Monit 2014 20 608 613 24727744 PMC3999164

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    ADHD is associated with many comorbidities, including eating disorders.

    “In the last decade, researchers report a significant coincidence of ADHD and eating disorders (EDs).5,8,9”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [5] Nazar BP Pinna CM Coutinho G Review of literature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid eating disorders Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2008 30 4 384 389 19142417

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [8] Quinn PO Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its comorbidities in women and girls: an evolving picture Curr Psychiatry Rep 2008 10 5 419 423 18803916

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [9] Cortese S Angriman M Maffeis C Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity: a systematic review of the literature Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2008 48 6 524 537 18568858

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Obesity is more prevalent in individuals with ADHD compared to the general population.

    “The link between ADHD and disordered eating behavior is evident by the observation that obesity is more prevalent in individuals with ADHD compared to the general population.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] Altfas JR Prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among adults in obesity treatment BMC Psychiatry 2002 2 9 17 12227832 PMC130024

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    In adults, the incidence of ADHD is similar in both sexes.

    “In adults, the incidence of ADHD is similar in both sexes.18”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Quinn PO Madhoo M A review of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in women and girls: uncovering this hidden diagnosis Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2014 16 3 CC.13r01596 PMC4195638 25317366

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    A large cross-sectional study of 43,297 US adolescents revealed a statistically significant adjusted OR of 1.5 for the association between ADHD and obesity.

    “A large cross-sectional study of 43,297 US adolescents revealed a statistically significant adjusted OR of 1.5.13”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Halfon N Larson K Slusser W Associations between obesity and comorbid mental health, developmental, and physical health conditions in a nationally representative sample of US children aged 10 to 17 Acad Pediatr 2013 13 1 6 13 23200634

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. 18
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 9

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In premedicated newly diagnosed ADHD boys, patients with ADHD are more likely to skip breakfast and dinner and have more than five meals throughout the day.

    “We found that patients with ADHD are more likely to skip breakfast and dinner and have more than five meals throughout the day.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [25] Ptacek R Kuzelova H Stefano GB Disruptive patterns of eating behaviors and associated lifestyles in males with ADHD Med Sci Monit 2014 20 608 613 24727744 PMC3999164

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The prevalence of ADHD in girls is likely higher than reported because girls better mask their symptoms during childhood.

    “Compounding these observations some believe that, in reality, the prevalence of ADHD in girls is higher than reported, because of their ability to better “mask” their symptoms during childhood.21”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Quinn P Wigal S Perceptions of girls and ADHD: results from a national survey MedGenMed 2004 6 2 2 15266229 PMC1395774

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Approximately 70% of ADHD patients display at least one other comorbid disorder or specific neurological problem.

    “Previous studies have reported that ~70% of ADHD patients display at least one other comorbid disorder or specific neurological problems.5–7”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [5] Nazar BP Pinna CM Coutinho G Review of literature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid eating disorders Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2008 30 4 384 389 19142417

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] Goetz M Schwabova J Hlavka Z Cerebellar symptoms are associated with omission errors and variability of response time in children with ADHD J Atten Disord 2014 24412970

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] Nováková M Paclt I Ptáček R Kuželová H Hájek I Sumová A Salivary melatonin rhythm as a marker of the circadian system in healthy children and those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Chronobiol Int 2011 28 7 630 637 21859418

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Polyunsaturated fatty acids are involved in neuronal development and have protective effects against ADHD symptoms.

    “Similar to zinc, polyunsaturated fatty acids are also involved in neuronal development and have protective effects against ADHD symptoms.33–35”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [33] Mitchell EA Aman MG Turbott SH Manku M Clinical characteristics and serum essential fatty acid levels in hyperactive children Clin Pediatr 1987 26 8 406 411 2439249

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [34] Colter AL Cutler C Meckling KA Fatty acid status and behavioural symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents: a case-control study Nutr J 2008 7 8 19 18275609 PMC2275745

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [35] Richardson AJ Montgomery P The Oxford-Durham study: a randomized, controlled trial of dietary supplementation with fatty acids in children with developmental coordination disorder Pediatrics 2005 115 5 1360 1366 15867048

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Males with ADHD are more likely to externalize their symptoms, and females are more likely to internalize their symptoms.

    “Males with ADHD are more likely to externalize their symptoms, and females are more likely to internalize their symptoms.19,20”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [19] Gershon J A meta-analytic review of gender differences in ADHD J Atten Disord 2002 5 143 154 11911007

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [20] Biederman J Faraone SV Spencer T Wilens T Mick E Lapey KA Gender differences in a sample of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Psychiatry Res 1994 53 1 13 29 7991729

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    BN and AN are disorders that mainly affect females.

    “BN and AN are disorders that mainly affect females.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [78] Surman CB Randall ET Biederman J Association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bulimia nervosa: analysis of 4 case-control studies J Clin Psychiatry 2006 67 3 351 354 16649819

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The link between anorexia nervosa (AN) and ADHD is controversial, although some studies suggest an association.

    “Although the link between AN and ADHD is more controversial, some studies suggest an association between the two.10”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Fernández-Aranda F Agüera Z Castro R ADHD symptomatology in eating disorders: a secondary psychopathological measure of severity? BMC Psychiatry 2013 13 1 166 173 23758944 PMC3693886

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ADHD is linked with binge eating disorder (BED) and bulimia nervosa (BN).

    “The EDs mostly associated with ADHD are binge eating disorder (BED) and bulimia nervosa (BN).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [5] Nazar BP Pinna CM Coutinho G Review of literature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid eating disorders Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2008 30 4 384 389 19142417

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [8] Quinn PO Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its comorbidities in women and girls: an evolving picture Curr Psychiatry Rep 2008 10 5 419 423 18803916

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [9] Cortese S Angriman M Maffeis C Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity: a systematic review of the literature Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2008 48 6 524 537 18568858

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In an 8-year follow-up, boys and girls with ADHD were at risk with symptoms of BN in mid-adolescence; the association was stronger in girls than in boys.

    “It was found that boys and girls with ADHD were at risk with symptoms of BN in mid-adolescence. The association was stronger in girls than in boys.90”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [90] Mikami AY Hinshaw SP Arnold LE Bulimia nervosa symptoms in the multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD Int J Eat Disord 2010 43 3 248 259 19378318

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    ADHD and BN share many neural pathways; abnormalities in the frontostriatal circuit may account for the coincidences in these two disorders.

    “From a neuroimaging perspective, ADHD and BN share many neural pathways. Abnormalities in these pathways in the frontostriatal circuit may account for the coincidences in these two disorders.93”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [93] Broft A Shingleton R Kaufman J Striatal dopamine in bulimia nervosa: a pet imaging study Int J Eat Disord 2012 45 5 648 656 22331810 PMC3640453

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mikami et al found that baseline peer rejection and parent-child relationship predicted eating pathology.

    “Interestingly, the group found that baseline peer rejection and parent–child relationship predicted eating pathology.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [89] Mikami AY Hinshaw SP Patterson KA Lee JC Eating pathology among adolescent girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder J Abnorm Psychol 2008 117 1 225 235 18266500 PMC2930179

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Docet et al found that obese patients with ADHD were more likely to have binge eating episodes, to eat snacks between meals, to eat large amounts of food, and to eat in secret.

    “For example, Docet et al found that obese patients with ADHD were more likely to have binge eating episodes, to eat snacks between meals, to eat large amounts of food, and to eat in secret.59”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [59] Docet MF Larranaga A Perez Mendez LF Garcia-Mayor RV Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder increases the risk of having abnormal eating behaviours in obese adults Eat Weight Disord 2012 17 2 e132 e136 23010783

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Steadman and Knouse found that although impulsivity in ADHD correlates with BED symptoms, impulsivity alone does not mediate the association.

    “Steadman and Knouse found that although impulsivity in ADHD correlates with BED symptoms, impulsivity alone does not mediate the association.71”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [71] Steadman KM Knouse LE Is the relationship between ADHD symptoms and binge eating mediated by impulsivity? J Atten Disord 2014 24804686

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In adolescents with BN, there is a high prevalence of suicide attempts, alcohol consumption, and illegal drug use.

    “In adolescents with BN, there is a high prevalence of suicide attempts, alcohol consumption, and illegal drug use.91”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [91] Fischer S le Grange D Comorbidity and high-risk behaviors in treatment-seeking adolescents with bulimia nervosa Int J Eat Disord 2007 40 8 751 753 17683094

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The link between obesity and ADHD lies in the common symptom of impulsivity; ADHD predisposes an individual to BED due to common impulsivity symptoms.

    “Various investigators propose that the link between obesity and ADHD lies in the common symptom of impulsivity. Here, it is surmised that ADHD predisposes an individual to BED, again due to common impulsivity symptoms.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Co-occurrence of ADHD and obesity has been attributed to common immune and inflammatory processes, common fetal programming mechanisms, and common perinatal risk factors.

    “Co-occurrence of ADHD and obesity has also been attributed to common immune and inflammatory processes, common fetal programming mechanisms, and common perinatal risk factors.12,50”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [12] Nigg JT Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and adverse health outcomes Clin Psychol Rev 2013 33 2 215 228 23298633 PMC4322430

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [50] Verlaet AA Noriega DB Hermans N Savelkoul HF Nutrition, immunological mechanisms and dietary immunomodulation in ADHD Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014 23 7 519 529 24493267

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Cortese et al argue that the impulsivity of ADHD patients causes executive dysfunction, which prevents the patient from executing the goal of controlling eating behavior or losing weight.

    “Cortese et al argue that the impulsivity of ADHD patients causes executive dysfunction, which prevents the patient from executing the goal of controlling eating behavior or losing weight.14”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] Cortese S Comencini E Vincenzi B Speranza M Angriman M Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and impairment in executive functions: a barrier to weight loss in individuals with obesity? BMC Psychiatry 2013 13 286 292 24200119 PMC4226281

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Catecholamines, e.g., dopamine, are heavily involved in both motor regulation and emotions, working together to provide the motivation for motor activity, using few chemical messengers in both invertebrates and vertebrates, especially humans.

    “It is important to note that catecholamines, eg, dopamine, are heavily involved in both motor regulation and emotions, working together to provide the motivation for motor activity, using few chemical messengers in both invertebrates and vertebrates, especially humans.108”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [108] Stefano GB Kream RM Endogenous morphine synthetic pathway preceded and gave rise to catecholamine synthesis in evolution (review) Int J Mol Med 2007 20 6 837 841 17982691

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    It is a challenge to diagnose ADHD early, regardless of the population.

    “This is compounded by the problem that it is a challenge to diagnose ADHD early, regardless of the population.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Most of the literature on BN and AN suggest that depression may mediate bulimic and anorexic symptoms.

    “Most of the literature on BN and AN suggest that depression may mediate bulimic and anorexic symptoms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Early diagnostic indicators for ADHD may be at hand in the form of novel discoveries in gene expression patterns.

    “Hence, early diagnostic indicators for ADHD may be at hand in the form of novel discoveries in gene expression patterns.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Thirty-two female patients diagnosed with ED had no correlation between severity of ADHD and severity of ED symptoms; however, there was an association between impulsivity and avoidance of fattening food.

    “Thirty-two female patients diagnosed with ED had no correlation between severity of ADHD and severity of ED symptoms; however, there was an association between impulsivity and avoidance of fattening food.101”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [101] Stulz N Hepp U Gachter C Martin-Soelch C Spindler A Milos G The severity of ADHD and eating disorder symptoms: a correlational study BMC Psychiatry 2013 13 1 44 50 23375103 PMC3566966

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Dopaminergic signaling is critical for motor activity and emotion, the latter enabling the former into a combined motivated movement like eating.

    “Dopaminergic signaling is critical for motor activity and emotion, the latter enabling the former into a combined motivated movement like eating.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Anorexic and bulimic girls are already obsessed and guilty due to their eating behaviors.

    “Anorexic and bulimic girls are already obsessed and guilty due to their eating behaviors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    ADHD comorbidities involve eating disorders, which may result from altered cognitive and emotional neural substrates.

    “Thus, it is not a surprise that ADHD comorbidities involve EDs, which may result from altered cognitive and emotional neural substrates.5,11”
    • Also stated in: § Conclusion · hedged
      “Furthermore, it is not a surprise that ADHD comorbidities involve EDs, which may result from altered cognitive and emotional neural substrates given their dependencies.109”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [5] Nazar BP Pinna CM Coutinho G Review of literature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid eating disorders Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2008 30 4 384 389 19142417

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [11] Biederman J Newcorn J Sprich S Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders Am J Psychiatry 1991 148 5 564 577 2018156

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [109] Esch T Kim JW Stefano GB Neurobiological implications of eating healthy Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2006 27 1–2 21 33 16648819

      Not checked in the free run.

25 of 25

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Zinc deficiency, especially in the Middle East, is associated with ADHD.

    “Zinc deficiency, especially in the Middle East, has also been associated with ADHD.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    ADHD consists of dopamine and norepinephrine circuits in the brain, which are involved in reward processing.

    “It is thought that ADHD consists of dopamine and norepinephrine circuits in the brain, which are involved in reward processing.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No study has longitudinally examined the complex interaction that may arise due to cyclical shifting between different subtypes of eating disorders and ADHD.

    “No study to our knowledge has longitudinally examined the complex interaction that may arise due to cyclical shifting between different subtypes of EDs and ADHD.”
3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Treatment-seeking sex ratio runs opposite to the stated underdiagnosis pattern

    Minor

    The paper says girls are more likely to mask ADHD symptoms and be underdiagnosed, yet says this accounts for girls outnumbering boys three to one among children seeking treatment. The proposed explanation points in the opposite direction from the reported treatment-seeking ratio.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 117 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. [111]Mantione K Kream RM Stefano GB Variations in critical morphine biosynthesis genes and their potential to influence human health Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2010 31 1 11 18 20150871

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Ptacek, R., Stefano, G., Weissenberger, S., Akotia, D., Raboch, J., Papezova, H., Stepankova, T., Goetz, M., & Domkarova, L.
Affiliations
Charles University (CZ)
ORCID
Venue
Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2016-03
Volume
12
Pages
571
ISSN
  • 1176-6328 (ISSN-L)
  • 1178-2021
DOI
10.2147/ndt.s68763
PMC
PMC4780667
OpenAlex
W2292652034
Cited by
60
References
117
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4
FWCI
1.09
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
Keywords
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, disordered eating, eating disorders, bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, binge eating, comorbidities, impulsivity, sex differences, dopaminergic signaling, nutritional deficiency, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity

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