Numerical analysis of convective flow and thermal stratification in a cryogenic storage tank
Abstract
In this study, the liquid–vapor mixture model was used for a numerical study of natural convective flow in a cryogenic tank with a capacity of 4.9 m3 under various conditions of heat flux and filling level to understand the early stages of convective flow phenomena and the consequent thermal stratification of cryogenic liquid. Two cryogens—liquefied natural gas (LNG) and liquefied nitrogen (LN2)—were compared to observe their effects. LN2 exhibited faster vaporization owing to its lower heat of vaporization. It was observed that higher heat flux and lower filling level led to faster vaporization and relatively vigorous heat transfer, showing early thermal stratification.
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Heat ingress causes the vapor temperature to increase faster than that of the liquid due to the vapor's higher thermal diffusivity, resulting in heat conduction across the vapor-liquid interface and a temperature gradient in the top layer of the liquid phase with the interface at a higher temperature than the bulk liquid (thermal stratification).
“Additionally, heat ingress causes the vapor temperature to increase faster than that of the liquid due to the vapor's higher thermal diffusivity (α = κ/ρ•c p ), resulting in heat conduction across the vapor-liquid interface, and thus a temperature gradient in the top layer of the liquid phase with the interface at a higher temperature than the bulk liquid: this is known as thermal stratification [”
From Modelling of Liquid Hydrogen Boil-Off (2022) · cites this paper as [17]
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References 46 · Cited by 48
- Authors
- Choi, S. W., Lee, W. I., & Kim, H. S.
- Affiliations
- Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KR)
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Gachon University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Woo Il
- Kim, Han Sang
- Venue
- Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-02-13
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 402-422
- ISSN
- 1040-7782 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-0634
- OpenAlex
- W2589112554
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 3.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Numerical Heat Transfer Part A Applications (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Nuclear Engineering Thermal-Hydraulics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Phase Change Materials Research
- Keywords
- cryogenic storage tanks, natural convection, thermal stratification, liquefied natural gas, liquid nitrogen, heat flux, fill level, vaporization, heat transfer, cryogenic fluids
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