The DOI matches its Crossref record; 271 of the 271 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
E-cigarette vaping associated acute lung injury (EVALI): state of science and future research needs
Open accessAbstract
"E-Cigarette (e-cig) Vaping-Associated Acute Lung Injury" (EVALI) has been linked to vitamin-E-acetate (VEA) and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), due to their presence in patients' e-cigs and biological samples. Lacking standardized methodologies for patients' data collection and comprehensive physicochemical/toxicological studies using real-world-vapor exposures, very little data are available, thus the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of EVALI is still unknown. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and critical appraisal of existing literature on clinical/epidemiological features and physicochemical-toxicological characterization of vaping emissions associated with EVALI. The literature review of 161 medical case reports revealed that the predominant demographic pattern was healthy white male, adolescent, or young adult, vaping illicit/informal THC-containing e-cigs. The main histopathologic pattern consisted of diffuse alveolar damage with bilateral ground-glass-opacities at chest radiograph/CT, and increased number of macrophages or neutrophils and foamy-macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage. The chemical analysis of THC/VEA e-cig vapors showed a chemical difference between THC/VEA and the single THC or VEA. The chemical characterization of vapors from counterfeit THC-based e-cigs or in-house-prepared e-liquids using either cannabidiol (CBD), VEA, or medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), identified many toxicants, such as carbonyls, volatile organic compounds, terpenes, silicon compounds, hydrocarbons, heavy metals, pesticides and various industrial/manufacturing/automotive-related chemicals. There is very scarce published toxicological data on emissions from THC/VEA e-liquids. However, CBD, MCT, and VEA emissions exert varying degrees of cytotoxicity, inflammation, and lung damage, depending on puffing topography and cell line. Major knowledge gaps were identified, including the need for more systematic-standardized epidemiological surveys, comprehensive physicochemical characterization of real-world e-cig emissions, and mechanistic studies linking emission properties to specific toxicological outcomes.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“THC vaping has been associated with pulmonary injury due to the contaminants in electronic cigarettes and vaping pens (e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury or EVALI) [66].”
From Cannabis, cannabinoids and health: a review of evidence on risks and medical benefits (2025) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Items 201–271 of 271
Helfgott, D., Capozzoli, G., Madray, J., Baig, A., Uppaluri, L., Gaur, S., Simon, M. L., Amorosa, J. K., & Ramagopal, M. (2021) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.25804 · Cited by 10 · cited 9×
“…Khan et al. 2021; Lilley et al. 2021; Munagala et al. 2021; Pitlick et al. 2021; Regmi et al. 2021; Vilanilam et al. 2021; Wekon-Kemeni et al. 2021; Helfgott et al. 2022 Bilateral pulmonary interstitial infiltrates Alqahtani et al. 2019; Anderson and Zechar 2019; Butt et al. 2019; Ali et al.…”
BackgroundInfluentialLung Injury Associated with E-Cigarette or Vaping Product Use
Griffiths, A., Rauzi, A., Stadheim, K., & Wheeler, W. (2020) · Pediatric Annals · doi:10.3928/19382359-20200120-01 · Cited by 9 · cited 8×
“…Bacilli and Grocott-Gomori’s methenamine silver stain (GMS) negative Mukhopadhyay et al. 2020 Type II pneumocytes hyperplasia Fathima and Zhang 2020; Griffiths et al. 2020; Kaous et al. 2020; Panse et al. 2020; Youmans and Harwood 2020 Focal acute inflammation in airspaces Landman et al. 2019;…”
BackgroundInfluentialRapid Resolution of Severe Vaping-induced Acute Lipoid Pneumonia after Corticosteroid Treatment
Alzghoul, B. N., Innabi, A., Mukhtar, F., & Jantz, M. A. (2020) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201909-1826im · Cited by 9
Ahmed, A., Shapiro, D., Su, J. A., & Nelson, L. P. (2020) · Journal of Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1177/0885066620941004 · Cited by 9
Hwang, J. H., Ryu, D.-H., Park, I., & Park, S.-W. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197005 · Cited by 9 · cited 1×
“…and toxicologically the nicotine-based e-cig vapors (Williams et al. 2013; Zhao et al. 2016; Zhao, Nelson, et al. 2018; Zhao, Zhang, et al. 2018; Hwang et al. 2020; Lee and Christiani 2020), the literature regarding vapors emitted from THC/VEA-based e-liquids is very scarce, making it difficult…”
BackgroundVaping associated lung injury (EVALI) as an organizing pneumonia pattern- A case report
Angirish, B., Jankharia, B. G., & Rajan, S. K. (2020) · Lung India · doi:10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_69_20 · Cited by 9
Arons, M. M., Barnes, S. R., Cheng, R., Whittle, K. D., Elsholz, C., Bui, D. P., Gilley, S., Maldonado, A., LaCross, N. C., Sage, K., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103026 · Cited by 9 · cited 3×
“This issue is particularly relevant in those states where THC e-cigs are illegal for non-medical use, such as Utah or Minnesota, where the burden of EVALI reached the highest rate nationally (Lewis et al. 2019; Cole et al. 2021), which could be attributed to the high prevalence of illicit THC-cartridges (Arons et al.…”
BackgroundThermal Degradants Identified from the Vaping of Vitamin E Acetate
Kovach, A. L., Carter, R. R., Thornburg, J. W., Wiethe, R. W., Fennell, T. R., & Wiley, J. L. (2021) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/bkab109 · Cited by 9 · cited 10×
“…Zou et al. 2020; Adhikari, Koritala, et al. 2021; Ahmed et al. 2021; Hassoun et al. 2021; Isakov et al. 2021; Ismail et al. 2021; Kalantary et al. 2021; Krishnan et al. 2021; Kupelian et al. 2021; Munagala et al. 2021; Reddy et al. 2021; Regmi et al. 2021; (continued) technique, and fluid dilution.”
BackgroundInfluentialDuffy, B. C., Li, L., Lu, S., Dittmar, M. A., Delaney-Baldwin, E. R., Durocher, L. A., & Spink, D. C. (2021) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/bkab107 · Cited by 9 · cited 13×
“This trend was confirmed by further and later investigation nationwide, that showed the presence of additional cannabinoids in the EVALI patient-provided cartridges as well as in the aerosol generated from them, such as cannabichromene (CBC), cannabidiol (CBD) cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabig…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSingh, A. (2022) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.25832 · Cited by 9 · cited 14×
“…not erased number of EVALI cases even after banning the VEA as well as illicit vaping products (Helfgott et al. 2022; Lim et al. 2022; Schaffer et al. 2022; Singh 2022), increased the needs for a comprehensive characterization of physicochemical and toxicological properties of THC/VEA e-cig vapors.”
BackgroundInfluentialAftab, G. M., Ahmad, M. R., & Frenia, D. S. (2019) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.6216 · Cited by 8
Singh, A. N., Tan, Q., Saccone, N., & Lindner, D. (2020) · Case Reports in Pulmonology · doi:10.1155/2020/6138083 · Cited by 8 · cited 12×
“…2020; Odish et al. 2020; Pajak et al. 2020; Perrenoud et al. 2020; Rao et al. 2020; Rodriguez et al. 2020; Sacci et al. 2020; Shields et al. 2020; Singh et al. 2020; Temas and Meyer 2020; Werner et al. 2020; Harada et al. 2021; Hassoun et al. 2021; Hoshina 2021; Reddy et al. 2021; Sangani et al.…”
BackgroundInfluentialGirvin, F., & Naidich, D. P. (2020) · BJR|case reports · doi:10.1259/bjrcr.20200027 · Cited by 8 · cited 11×
“…Chawla and Weiler 2020; Chen et al. 2020; Chidambaram et al. 2020; Derespina et al. 2020; Doukas et al. 2020; Essa et al. 2020; Fedt et al. 2020; Girvin and Naidich 2020; Gutsche et al. 2020; Israel et al. 2020; Jankharia et al. 2020; Kaous et al. 2020; Kass et al. 2020; Kinney et al. 2020;…”
BackgroundInfluentialOverview of Pathologic Findings of Vaping in the Context of an Autopsy Patient With Chronic Injury
Priemer, D. S., Gravenmier, C. A., Batouli, A., & Hooper, J. E. (2020) · Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.5858/arpa.2019-0637-ra · Cited by 8 · cited 6×
“…et al. 2020; Lu et al. 2020; Mughal et al. 2020; Mull, Erdem, et al. 2020; Ocampo-Gonzalez and Park 2020; Perrenoud et al. 2020; Phung and Lam 2020; Priemer et al. 2020; Puebla Neira et al. 2020; Rao et al. 2020; Rodriguez et al. 2020; Ronald et al. 2020; Sacci et al. 2020; Sakla et al. 2020;…”
BackgroundInfluentialE-cigarette-induced lung disease: from acute to chronic
Poschenrieder, F., Rotter, M., Gschwendtner, A., & Hamer, O. W. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31755-4 · Cited by 8 · cited 6×
“…Gay et al. 2020; Girvin and Naidich 2020; Kass et al. 2020; MacMurdo et al. 2020; Mukhopadhyay et al. 2020; Pajak et al. 2020; Panse et al. 2020; Poschenrieder et al. 2020; Reagan-Steiner et al. 2020; Smith et al. 2020; Temas and Meyer 2020; Villeneuve et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2020; Werner et…”
BackgroundInfluentialAll up in smoke: vaping-associated lung injury
Chen, J., English, S. A., Ogilvie, J. A., Siu, M. K. M., Tammara, A., & Haas, C. J. (2020) · Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives · doi:10.1080/20009666.2020.1800978 · Cited by 8 · cited 11×
“…Bharat et al. 2020; Billa et al. 2020; Bolona et al. 2020; Bozkanat et al. 2020; Carroll et al. 2020; Casanova et al. 2020; Cedano et al. 2020; Chen et al. 2020; Chidambaram et al. 2020; Colesar and McCollum 2020; Conuel et al. 2020; DeCarli et al. 2020; Deliwala et al. 2020; Derespina et al.…”
BackgroundInfluentialElectronic Cigarettes and Vaping-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI): A Rural Appalachian Experience
Sangani, R. G., Rojas, E., Forte, M. J., Zulfikar, R., Prince, N., Tasoglou, A., Goldsmith, T., Casuccio, G. S., Boyd, J. W., Olfert, I. M., et al. (2020) · Hospital Practice · doi:10.1080/21548331.2020.1843282 · Cited by 8 · cited 10×
“Non-Hispanic White adults (68%) were more likely than Hispanic (18%), Non-Hispanic black (14%), Non-Hispanic Asian (3%), or Native American (1%) to develop EVALI (Figure 1(C)) (Blagev et al. 2019; Chatham-Stephens et al. 2019; Gaub et al. 2019; Ghinai et al. 2019; Kalininskiy et al. 2019; Lewis et al. 2019; Lozier et…”
BackgroundInfluentialMoshensky, A., Du, M., Shin, J., Advani, I. N., Gunge, D., Mathew, D. P., Al-Kolla, R., Du, A., Javier, C., Ma, L., et al. (2021) · ERJ Open Research · doi:10.1183/23120541.00229-2021 · Cited by 8 · cited 1×
“…et al. 2021), however, Moshensky et al. reported that mice exposed to nicotine e-cigs vapors for 1 h daily for 12 days exhibited changes in circulating metabolites depending on the type of device, e-liquid composition, puffing protocol, operational voltage and temperature (Moshensky et al. 2021).”
Self-citationEVALI versus MIS‐C, one more overlapping diagnosis to consider
Vidal, D. A. C., Mull, E. S., Taveras, J., SHELL, R. D., Hunt, G., Fowler, B., Wallihan, R. G., & Erdem, G. (2021) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.25558 · Cited by 8
EVALI Vaping Liquids Part 2: Mass Spectrometric Identification of Diluents and Additives
Ciolino, L. A., Falconer, T. M., Ranieri, T. L., Brueggemeyer, J. L., Taylor, A. M., & Mohrhaus, A. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fchem.2021.746480 · Cited by 8
Works, K. R., & Stack, L. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open · doi:10.1002/emp2.12002 · Cited by 7 · cited 9×
“…and Lam 2020; Poschenrieder et al. 2020; Puebla Neira et al. 2020; Rao et al. 2020; Smith et al. 2020; Temas and Meyer 2020; Wolf and Richards 2020; Works and Stack 2020; Ahmed et al. 2021; Krishnan et al. 2021; Vilanilam et al. 2021 Fibrin exudates within airspace Essa et al. 2020; Fryman et…”
BackgroundInfluentialPajak, A., Bascoy, S., Li, J. C., Benninghoff, M. G., & Deitchman, A. R. (2020) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.11031 · Cited by 7 · cited 11×
“…Kinney et al. 2020; Kooragayalu et al. 2020; Lu et al. 2020; MacMurdo et al. 2020; Matta et al. 2020; Mull, Erdem, et al. 2020; Odish et al. 2020; Pajak et al. 2020; Perrenoud et al. 2020; Rao et al. 2020; Rodriguez et al. 2020; Sacci et al. 2020; Shields et al. 2020; Singh et al. 2020; Temas…”
BackgroundInfluentialTanz, L. J., Christensen, A. R., Knuth, K. B., Hoffman, M. N., Dandeneau, D., Koehler, K., Moore, Z., Herndon, S., Davidson, K. R., & Fleischauer, A. T. (2021) · North Carolina Medical Journal · doi:10.18043/ncm.82.6.384 · Cited by 7 · cited 13×
“…2021; Ismail et al. 2021; Kalantary et al. 2021; Kupelian et al. 2021; Pitlick et al. 2021; Reddy et al. 2021; Regmi et al. 2021; Roman et al. 2021; Tanz et al. 2021 Blood gas analysis (BGA): Primary respiratory alkalosis: pH 7.45, PaCO2< 35mmHg. Normal range BGA: pH 7.35–7.45, pCO2 35–45mmHg,…”
BackgroundInfluentialPhung, B., & Lam, A. N. (2019) · Journal of Pediatric Intensive Care · doi:10.1055/s-0039-3400961 · Cited by 6
Microbial Toxins in Nicotine Vaping Liquids
Lee, M.-S. S., & Christiani, D. C. (2019) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201911-2178le · Cited by 6
Self-citationA 19-Year-Old Man With Vaping-Associated Lung Injury
Gutsche, J. T., Pasternak, R., Campbell, D. A., Schili, J., Boyle, P. J., & Tilney, P. V. R. (2019) · Air Medical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.amj.2019.12.002 · Cited by 6 · cited 3×
“…Chen et al. 2020; Chidambaram et al. 2020; Derespina et al. 2020; Doukas et al. 2020; Essa et al. 2020; Fedt et al. 2020; Girvin and Naidich 2020; Gutsche et al. 2020; Israel et al. 2020; Jankharia et al. 2020; Kaous et al. 2020; Kass et al. 2020; Kinney et al. 2020; Kooragayalu et al. 2020;…”
BackgroundInfluentialExtracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support for Vaping-Induced Acute Lung Injury
Baxter, R. D., Vaquera, K. A., & George, T. J. (2020) · The Annals of Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.01.028 · Cited by 6 · cited 3×
“…al. 2019; Abeles et al. 2020; Ahmad et al. 2020; Al-Abdouh et al. 2020; Aldy et al. 2020; Ali et al. 2020; Alzghoul et al. 2020; Baumann et al. 2020; Baxter et al. 2020; Carroll et al. 2020; Casanova et al. 2020; Chapman et al. 2020; Chawla and Weiler 2020; Chen et al. 2020; Chidambaram et al.…”
BackgroundInfluentialSmith, E. M., Cherian, R. A., & McGillen, B. (2020) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-020-05909-9 · Cited by 6 · cited 9×
“…2020; MacMurdo et al. 2020; Mukhopadhyay et al. 2020; Pajak et al. 2020; Panse et al. 2020; Poschenrieder et al. 2020; Reagan-Steiner et al. 2020; Smith et al. 2020; Temas and Meyer 2020; Villeneuve et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2020; Werner et al. 2020; Wolf and Richards 2020; Works and Stack 2020;…”
BackgroundInfluentialHistologic patterns of lung injury in patients using e-cigarettes
Fathima, S., & Zhang, H. (2020) · Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings · doi:10.1080/08998280.2020.1775052 · Cited by 6 · cited 3×
“…Fathima and Zhang 2020; Mukhopadhyay et al. 2020; Panse et al. 2020; Youmans and Harwood 2020 Interstitial chronic inflammation Baumann et al. 2020; Fathima and Zhang 2020; Mukhopadhyay et al. 2020; Panse et al. 2020; Priemer et al. 2020 No evidence of exogenous lipoid pneumonia Mukhopadhyay et…”
BackgroundInfluentialE-cigarette or Vaping-Associated Acute Lung Injury and Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Derespina, K. R., Kaushik, S., Mitchell, W. B., Gorstein, S. V., Ushay, H. M., & Medar, S. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-3664 · Cited by 6 · cited 10×
“…et al. 2020; Carroll et al. 2020; Casanova et al. 2020; Chidambaram et al. 2020; Choe et al. 2020; Colesar and McCollum 2020; Conuel et al. 2020; Derespina et al. 2020; Dicpinigaitis et al. 2020; Freathy et al. 2020; Galo et al. 2020; Gay et al. 2020; Girvin and Naidich 2020; Griffiths et al.…”
BackgroundInfluentialLung injury from e-cigarette use: a foul and pestilent congregation of vapours
Chapman, R., Tweed, C., & Moonsie, I. (2020) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2020-237338 · Cited by 6 · cited 6×
“…at the bases Aftab et al. 2019; Alqahtani et al. 2019; Anderson and Zechar 2019; Wilhite et al. 2019; Alzghoul et al. 2020; Bharat et al. 2020; Chapman et al. 2020; DeCarli et al. 2020; El Chebib et al. 2020; Gay et al. 2020; Jankharia et al. 2020; Mull, Erdem, et al. 2020; Ocampo-Gonzalez…”
BackgroundInfluentialA Gut Feeling: Abdominal Symptoms as an Initial Presentation of EVALI
Wekon-Kemeni, C., Santhanam, P., Halani, P., Bradford, L. E., & Loughlin, C. E. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-3834 · Cited by 6 · cited 7×
“…Cruz-Vidal et al. 2021; Ganne et al. 2021; Harada et al. 2021; Hassoun et al. 2021; Ismail et al. 2021; Krishnan et al. 2021; Pitlick et al. 2021; Wekon-Kemeni et al. 2021; Helfgott et al. 2022; Podguski et al. 2022; Schaffer et al. 2022; Singh 2022 Oxygen saturation <95% on room air or with…”
BackgroundInfluentialAcute lung injury secondary to e-cigarettes or vaping
Freathy, S. L., Kondapalli, N., Patlolla, S. S., Mora, A., & Trimmer, C. K. (2019) · Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings · doi:10.1080/08998280.2019.1705225 · Cited by 5 · cited 7×
“…Deliwala et al. 2020; Derespina et al. 2020; Doukas et al. 2020; Duffy et al. 2020; Edmonds et al. 2020; El Chebib et al. 2020; Fedt et al. 2020; Freathy et al. 2020; Gay et al. 2020; Israel et al. 2020; Jiang et al. 2020; Kooragayalu et al. 2020; Layden et al. 2020; Lu et al. 2020; Mughal et…”
BackgroundInfluentialE-Cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) in an Active Duty Service Member
Colesar, M. T., & McCollum, D. (2020) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usaa349 · Cited by 5 · cited 10×
“…Baxter et al. 2020; Bharat et al. 2020; Billa et al. 2020; Carroll et al. 2020; Casanova et al. 2020; Cedano et al. 2020; Chawla and Weiler 2020; Colesar and McCollum 2020; DeCarli et al. 2020; Deliwala et al. 2020; Doukas et al. 2020; Edmonds et al. 2020; Fryman et al. 2020; Galo et al. 2020;…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe perfect storm: A case of COVID-19 infection in an adolescent patient with EVALI
Bozkanat, K. M., Rao, D., Lieu, T. J., & Rivera-Sanchez, Y. M. (2020) · Respiratory Medicine Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101306 · Cited by 5 · cited 5×
“…et al. 2020; Aberegg, Cirulis, et al. 2020; Al-Abdouh et al. 2020; Alzghoul et al. 2020; Amin et al. 2020; Bharat et al. 2020; Bolona et al. 2020; Bozkanat et al. 2020; Carroll et al. 2020; Casanova et al. 2020; Cedano et al. 2020; Chawla and Weiler 2020; Chen et al. 2020; Choe et al. 2020;…”
BackgroundInfluentialDo Not Huff, Puff, or Vape That Stuff: Interstitial Airspace Disease in a Teenager
Amin, A. A., Haught, E., & Mousattat, Y. (2020) · Case Reports in Pediatrics · doi:10.1155/2020/8822362 · Cited by 5 · cited 5×
“…et al. 2019; Triantafyllou et al. 2019; Abeles et al. 2020; Aberegg, Cirulis, et al. 2020; Ahmad et al. 2020; Al-Abdouh et al. 2020; Ali et al. 2020; Amin et al. 2020; Baumann et al. 2020; Bharat et al. 2020; Billa et al. 2020; Bozkanat et al. 2020; Carroll et al. 2020; Cedano et al. 2020; Chapman…”
BackgroundInfluentialE-cigarettes and Vaping, Product-use Associated Lung Injury: A Case Series of Adolescents
Khan, A. H., Parlette, K., & Kuntz, H. M. (2021) · Clinical Practice and Cases in Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/cpcem.2020.10.48707 · Cited by 5
Brosius, C. R., Caron, K. T., Sosnoff, C. S., Blount, B. C., & Wang, L. (2021) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.1c04815 · Cited by 5
Analysis of the Aerosol Generated from Tetrahydrocannabinol, Vitamin E Acetate, and Their Mixtures
Mikheev, V. B., & Ivanov, A. (2022) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics10020088 · Cited by 5 · cited 7×
“…of liquid and vapors generated from various combination of THC, VEA, terpenes (Meehan-Atrash et al. 2019; Lanzarotta et al. 2020; Lynch et al. 2021; Mikheev and Ivanov 2022), and three addressed the physical and chemical analysis of aerosol emitted by pyrolysis of VEA alone (Mikheev et al. 2020;…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCase 38-2019: A 20-Year-Old Man with Dyspnea and Abnormalities on Chest Imaging
Hallowell, R. W., Feldman, M. B., Little, B. P., Leaf, R. K., & Hariri, L. P. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcpc1909628 · Cited by 4
E-Cigarette- and Vaping-Related Lung Injury (EVALI) at a Regional Hospital System in South Carolina
Temas, D., & MEYER, A. D. (2020) · Case Reports in Pulmonology · doi:10.1155/2020/5370606 · Cited by 4
Cedano, J., Sah, A., Cedeno-Mendoza, R., Fish, H., & Remolina, C. (2020) · Respiratory Medicine Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101122 · Cited by 4 · cited 6×
“…Alzghoul et al. 2020; Baumann et al. 2020; Baxter et al. 2020; Bharat et al. 2020; Billa et al. 2020; Carroll et al. 2020; Casanova et al. 2020; Cedano et al. 2020; Chawla and Weiler 2020; Colesar and McCollum 2020; DeCarli et al. 2020; Deliwala et al. 2020; Doukas et al. 2020; Edmonds et al.…”
BackgroundInfluentialEssa, A., Macaraeg, J. C., Jagan, N., Kwon, D., Randhawa, S., Kruse, M. J., Thomas, S. V., Velagapudi, M., Horne, J. M., Narechania, S., et al. (2020) · Case Reports in Pulmonology · doi:10.1155/2020/1090629 · Cited by 4 · cited 14×
“…et al. 2020; DeCarli et al. 2020; Deliwala et al. 2020; Derespina et al. 2020; Dicpinigaitis et al. 2020; Doukas et al. 2020; Edmonds et al. 2020; Essa et al. 2020; Freathy et al. 2020; Fryman et al. 2020; Galo et al. 2020; Gay et al. 2020; Girvin and Naidich 2020; Griffiths et al. 2020; Gutsche…”
BackgroundInfluentialA Case-Based Review of Vaping-Induced Injury—Pulmonary Toxicity and Beyond
Isakov, K. M. M., Legasto, A. C., Hossain, R., Weisman, S. V., Toy, D., Groner, L. K., Feibusch, A., & Escalon, J. G. (2020) · Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology · doi:10.1067/j.cpradiol.2020.06.003 · Cited by 4 · cited 7×
“…and Meyer 2020; Thakrar et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2020; Kalantary et al. 2021; Kligerman et al. 2021; Lim et al. 2022; Singh 2022 Reverse halo sign Chidambaram et al. 2020; Isakov et al. 2021 through formal sources (such as vape shops and convenience stores) than informal sources (n¼ 341/1280, 27”
BackgroundInfluentialA case of vaping-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring extracorporeal life support
Krishnan, S., Thind, G. S., Soliman, M., Tolle, L. B., Mireles‐Cabodevila, E., Adi, A. H., Anandamurthy, B., Bribriesco, A., & Yun, J. J. (2020) · Perfusion · doi:10.1177/0267659120925634 · Cited by 4
Aftab, G. M., Frenia, D. S., Ahmad, M. I., & Prajapati, G. (2020) · doi:10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a6665 · Cited by 4
Kaous, M., Xian, J. Z., Rongo, D., McDonald, M. M., Ocasionez, D., Mathew, R., Estrada-Y-Martin, R. M., Patel, B., Cherian, S. V., & Jani, P. P. (2020) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106153 · Cited by 4 · cited 7×
“…et al. 2019; Aberegg, Cirulis, et al. 2020; Baumann et al. 2020; Conuel et al. 2020; DeCarli et al. 2020; Essa et al. 2020; Fryman et al. 2020; Kaous et al. 2020; Kass et al. 2020; Marliere et al. 2020; Mughal et al. 2020; Mukhopadhyay et al. 2020; O’Carroll et al. 2020; Youmans and Harwood…”
BackgroundInfluentialRoman, S., Millet, C., Geris, S., Manickam, R., & Mechineni, A. (2021) · Radiology Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2021.07.058 · Cited by 4 · cited 8×
“…Fryman et al. 2020; Gay et al. 2020; Mughal et al. 2020; Poschenrieder et al. 2020; Cruz-Vidal et al. 2021; Lilley et al. 2021; Munagala et al. 2021; Roman et al. 2021 Lipid laden macrophages/foamy macrophages Aftab et al. 2019; Alqahtani et al. 2019; Blagev et al. 2019; Butt et al. 2019; Davidson…”
BackgroundInfluentialE‐cigarette or vaping product use‐associated lung injury: A great COVID‐19 mimicker in young adult
Hoshina, Y. (2021) · Clinical Case Reports · doi:10.1002/ccr3.5016 · Cited by 4 · cited 7×
“…and Meyer 2020; Villeneuve et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2020; Werner et al. 2020; Wolf and Richards 2020; Works and Stack 2020; Hassoun et al. 2021; Hoshina 2021; Isakov et al. 2021; Khan et al. 2021; Kligerman et al. 2021; Lilley et al. 2021; Sangani et al. 2021; Vilanilam et al. 2021; Helfgott…”
BackgroundInfluentialE-cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury Complicated by Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Kupelian, C., Kim, A., & Vijayan, V. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.20075 · Cited by 4 · cited 10×
“…2020; Temas and Meyer 2020; Thakrar et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2020; Ayoub et al. 2021; Ismail et al. 2021; Khan et al. 2021; Kligerman et al. 2021; Kupelian et al. 2021; Lilley et al. 2021; Reddy et al. 2021; Tanz et al. 2021; Vilanilam et al. 2021; Helfgott et al. 2022 Bilateral opacities Aftab…”
BackgroundInfluentialA Case of Vaping-Associated Lung Injury in Rhode Island.
DeCarli, K., Arabiat, M., Ward, C., Levinson, A., & Carino, G. P. (2020) · PubMed · Cited by 3
Muthumalage, T., Lucas, J. H., Wang, Q., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.14.151381 · Cited by 3
Gastroenteritis and Miliary Lung Opacities: An Interesting Combination of Findings
Farooq, U., Anwar, M., Alcantar, D. C., Amine, M., & Hidalgo, D. C. (2020) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.8848 · Cited by 3 · cited 3×
“…and Weiler 2020; Chen et al. 2020; Chidambaram et al. 2020; Choe et al. 2020; DeCarli et al. 2020; Derespina et al. 2020; Dicpinigaitis et al. 2020; Farooq et al. 2020; Freathy et al. 2020; Fryman et al. 2020; Galo et al. 2020; Griffiths et al. 2020; Kass et al. 2020; Mull, Shell, et al. 2020;…”
BackgroundInfluentialAcharya, S., Ali, S. I., Anwar, S., & Glaser, A. (2020) · Respiratory Medicine Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101165 · Cited by 3 · cited 5×
“…and Zechar 2019; Aokage et al. 2019; Arter et al. 2019; Blagev et al. 2019; Kalininskiy et al. 2019; Landman et al. 2019; Wilhite et al. 2019; Acharya et al. 2020; Al-Abdouh et al. 2020; Aldy et al. 2020; Ansari-Gilani et al. 2020; Bharat et al. 2020; Billa et al. 2020; Casanova et al.…”
BackgroundInfluentialChawla, H., & Weiler, T. K. (2020) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.9855 · Cited by 3 · cited 8×
“…2020; Ali et al. 2020; Alzghoul et al. 2020; Baumann et al. 2020; Baxter et al. 2020; Carroll et al. 2020; Casanova et al. 2020; Chapman et al. 2020; Chawla and Weiler 2020; Chen et al. 2020; Chidambaram et al. 2020; Choe et al. 2020; DeCarli et al. 2020; Derespina et al. 2020; Dicpinigaitis et…”
BackgroundInfluentialPatel, V. N., Rouse, M. J., Brown, C., & Pandya, S. M. (2020) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.10302 · Cited by 3 · cited 2×
“…et al. 2020; Mull, Erdem, et al. 2020; O’Carroll et al. 2020; Ocampo-Gonzalez and Park 2020; Odish et al. 2020; Pajak et al. 2020; Panse et al. 2020; Patel et al. 2020; Perrenoud et al. 2020; Phung and Lam 2020; Priemer et al. 2020; Puebla Neira et al. 2020; Qarajeh and Kitchen 2020; Rao et al.…”
BackgroundLipid-Laden alveolar macrophages and vaping: Lessons from EVALI
Jonas, A. M. (2020) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103010 · Cited by 3 · cited 1×
“…homeostasis (Madison et al. 2019), as well as in lungs of individuals exposed to other chemicals and healthy smokers (Maddock et al. 2019; Christiani 2020; Jonas 2020; Shields et al. 2020), it raises questions about the possible role of these macrophages on lung injury development and progression.”
BackgroundLilley, J. S., Kravitz, S. A., Haynes, Z. A., Church, T. L., McKay, S. A., & Mertz, A. T. (2021) · Respiratory Medicine Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.rmcr.2021.101465 · Cited by 3 · cited 9×
“…et al. 2020; Essa et al. 2020; Fryman et al. 2020; Gay et al. 2020; Mughal et al. 2020; Poschenrieder et al. 2020; Cruz-Vidal et al. 2021; Lilley et al. 2021; Munagala et al. 2021; Roman et al. 2021 Lipid laden macrophages/foamy macrophages Aftab et al. 2019; Alqahtani et al. 2019;…”
BackgroundInfluentialVaping, lung injury, and mental health Minnesota 2018-2019.
Cole, C., Wiens, T., Taylor, J., Danila, R., D’Heilly, P., Margetta, J., Bye, M., Mumm, E., Schwerzler, L., Makhtal, R., et al. (2021) · PubMed · Cited by 3
Miskoff, J. A., & Chaudhri, M. (2020) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.6765 · Cited by 2 · cited 1×
“…nicotine poisoning (Hua and Talbot 2016; Jonas and Raj 2020), and effects on the respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems (Hureaux et al. 2014; Thota and Latham 2014; Atkins and Drescher 2015; Modi et al. 2015; Moore et al. 2015; Darnell and Sofi 2016; Ring Madsen et al. 2016).”
BackgroundMarijuana Legislation and Electronic Cigarette– or Vaping–Associated Lung Injury
Cirulis, M. M., Callahan, S. J., & Aberegg, S. K. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.2238 · Cited by 2 · cited 6×
“It is also important to highlight that until 2019, only 7 states had legalized cannabis and THC-containing products for recreational use, while only medical marijuana was allowed in 26 States, and the remaining 18 states prohibited all cannabis use (Wing et al. 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialExtracorporeal membranous oxygenation for a severe case of vaping associated lung injury
Regmi, M. R., Tandan, N., Parajuli, P., Maini, R., Garcia, O. E. L., Jagtap, P., & Kulkarni, A. (2020) · Pulmonology · doi:10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.05.008 · Cited by 2 · cited 7×
“…Kligerman et al. 2021; Krishnan et al. 2021; Kupelian et al. 2021; Lilley et al. 2021; Munagala et al. 2021; Pitlick et al. 2021; Reddy et al. 2021; Regmi et al. 2021; Sangani et al. 2021; Vilanilam et al. 2021; Wekon-Kemeni et al. 2021; Helfgott et al. 2022; Lim et al. 2022; Schaffer et al.…”
BackgroundInfluentialVaping-induced lung injury in a 21-year-old woman
Perrenoud, A. L., Vetos, D. A., & Wabwire, G. (2020) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2020-238671 · Cited by 2 · cited 10×
“…2020; Essa et al. 2020; Fryman et al. 2020; Griffiths et al. 2020; Kaous et al. 2020; Kass et al. 2020; Kooragayalu et al. 2020; Odish et al. 2020; Perrenoud et al. 2020; Puebla Neira et al. 2020; Rao et al. 2020; Singh et al. 2020; Temas and Meyer 2020; Thakrar et al. 2020; Villeneuve et al.…”
BackgroundInfluentialElectronic Cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury in a Previously Healthy Young Male
Ismail, A. S., Imaduddeen, T., & Ibrahim, W. H. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.18269 · Cited by 2 · cited 12×
“…Adhikari, Koritala, et al. 2021; Ahmed et al. 2021; Cruz-Vidal et al. 2021; Ganne et al. 2021; Harada et al. 2021; Hassoun et al. 2021; Hoshina 2021; Ismail et al. 2021; Kalantary et al. 2021; Khan et al. 2021; Kupelian et al. 2021; Munagala et al. 2021; Pitlick et al. 2021; Tanz et al. 2021;…”
BackgroundInfluentialA Case of E-cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury Mimicking Miliary Tuberculosis
Lim, W., Suhail, M., & Diaz, K. T. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.22406 · Cited by 2 · cited 5×
“…et al. 2021; Kupelian et al. 2021; Munagala et al. 2021; Pitlick et al. 2021; Tanz et al. 2021; Vilanilam et al. 2021; Wekon-Kemeni et al. 2021; Lim et al. 2022 Tachypnea respiratory rate >20 breaths per minute Aftab et al. 2019; Alqahtani et al. 2019; Anderson and Zechar 2019; Aokage et al.…”
BackgroundInfluentialVaping-Induced Lung Injury: An Uncharted Territory
Bharat, A., Jain, N., Sheikh, B., Jeelani, H. M., & Shayuk, M. (2020) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.8970 · Cited by 1 · cited 14×
“…Cirulis, et al. 2020; Acharya et al. 2020; Ahmad et al. 2020; Al-Abdouh et al. 2020; Alzghoul et al. 2020; Baumann et al. 2020; Baxter et al. 2020; Bharat et al. 2020; Billa et al. 2020; Carroll et al. 2020; Casanova et al. 2020; Cedano et al. 2020; Chawla and Weiler 2020; Colesar and McCollum…”
BackgroundInfluentialSacci, P., Au, A. K., & Hutchinson, M. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open · doi:10.1002/emp2.12181 · Cited by 1 · cited 4×
“…wheezes Anderson and Zechar 2019; Salzman et al. 2019; Ali et al. 2020; Bolona et al. 2020; Colesar and McCollum 2020; Mull, Erdem, et al. 2020; Sacci et al. 2020; Stephens et al. 2020; Temas and Meyer 2020; Thakrar et al. 2020; Ayoub et al. 2021; Ganne et al. 2021; Ismail et al. 2021;…”
BackgroundInfluentialImaging in Vaping-associated Lung Injury: Beyond the Haze
Vilanilam, G. K., Purushothaman, R., Baskaran, N. P., Vohra, I., Raghavan, S., Bean, B., & Sajovitz, L. (2020) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000754 · Cited by 1 · cited 10×
“…2021; Kupelian et al. 2021; Lilley et al. 2021; Munagala et al. 2021; Pitlick et al. 2021; Reddy et al. 2021; Regmi et al. 2021; Sangani et al. 2021; Vilanilam et al. 2021; Wekon-Kemeni et al. 2021; Helfgott et al. 2022; Lim et al. 2022; Schaffer et al. 2022; Singh 2022 Bibasilar parenchymal…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe EVALI outbreak makes a strong case for better regulation of all vaporizer products
Hall, W., GARTNER, C. E., & Bonevski, B. (2021) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15437 · Cited by 1 · cited 1×
“…THC products in the legal market, as well as of contaminated e-liquids and counterfeit cartridges both in the states where the THC-e-cigs are prohibited and in more liberal states, due to the trafficking across the States (Cirulis et al. 2020; Wing et al. 2020; Hall et al. 2021a, 2021b).”
BackgroundElectronic-Cigarette or Vaping Associated Lung Injury (EVALI)
Kinney, W. H., Beckstrom, C., Snyder, T., Judiscak, P., Miller, P., Marett, J., Pessetto, A., & Scherbak, D. (2020) · Applied Radiology · doi:10.37549/ar2640 · Cited by 1
Smoky Diagnosis: Importance of Patient History in Vaping Associated Lung Injury
MUNAGALA, R. S., Ullah, A., Sharma, C., Bhatt, A. N., & Keshavamurthy, J. H. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.19596 · Cited by 1 · cited 12×
“…2021; Harada et al. 2021; Hassoun et al. 2021; Isakov et al. 2021; Khan et al. 2021; Kligerman et al. 2021; Krishnan et al. 2021; Lilley et al. 2021; Munagala et al. 2021; Pitlick et al. 2021; Roman et al. 2021; WekonKemeni et al. 2021; Schaffer et al. 2022 Pleural/subpleural sparing Kalininskiy…”
BackgroundInfluential
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- CDC. 2016. E-cigarette use among youth and young adults: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): GA US Department of Health and Human Services.
- Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Level, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council. 2014. 6, Ketene. Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals. Vol. 16. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US).
- FDA. 2012. Harmful and potentially harmful constituents in tobacco products and tobacco smoke: established list. Washington (DC): Office of the Federal Register.
- Research GV. 2021. E-cigarette and vape market growth & trends. Available from: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/press-release/global-e-cigarette-vaping-market#.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cannabis, cannabinoids and health: a review of evidence on risks and medical benefits
Hoch, E., Volkow, N. D., Friemel, C. M., Lorenzetti, V., Freeman, T. P., & Hall, W. (2025) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-024-01880-2 · Cited by 139
Hexahydrocannabinol and closely related semi‐synthetic cannabinoids: A comprehensive review
Ujváry, I. (2023) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.3519 · Cited by 95
Kang, W., & Malvaso, A. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.013 · Cited by 28
Hall, W., Leung, J., & Carlini, B. H. (2023) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16135 · Cited by 25
E-cigarette use-associated lung injury (EVALI)
Tituana, N. Y., Rosales, C. G. C., Espinoza, E. F., & Ordóñez, V. A. T. (2023) · Pneumologie · doi:10.1055/a-2161-0105 · Cited by 33
“During the influenza season, influenza should be considered in all patients with suspected – Follow-up evaluation should include: clinical assessment, ensuring compliance with medication regimens such as tapering corticosteroids if these were prescribed at discharge, reinforcing the importance of…”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Marrocco, A., Singh, D., Christiani, D. C., & Demokritou, P.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Demokritou, Philip
- Venue
- Critical Reviews in Toxicology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2022-03-16
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 188-220
- ISSN
- 0045-6446 (ISSN-L)
- 1040-8444
- 1547-6898
- PMC
- PMC9716650
- OpenAlex
- W4285085267
- Semantic Scholar
- 842a5e89e02049f17e45dccd4c6c470858728430
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 271
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 14
- FWCI
- 2.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Critical Reviews in Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Poisoning and overdose treatments
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Keywords
- alpha-tocopherol acetate, tetrahydrocannabinol, diffuse alveolar damage, ground-glass opacities, bronchoalveolar lavage, cannabidiol, medium-chain triglycerides, cytotoxicity, lung inflammation, terpenes, heavy metals, volatile organic compounds, pathophysiology
- MeSH terms
- Vaping, Adolescent, Humans, Male, Dronabinol, Vitamin E, Acute Lung Injury, Young Adult, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
