CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 49Motivation and Self-Concept in SportsBehavioral Health and InterventionsPhysical Activity and Health

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Self-Determination Theory and Exercise Behavior: An Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Exercise Motivation Scale

Wininger, Steven R.·2007·Journal of Applied Sport Psychology
DOI 10.1080/10413200701601466
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The purpose of these studies was to examine the psychometric properties of the Exercise Motivation Scale (EMS). One hundred forty-three undergraduates were surveyed in Study 1. Internal consistency reliability estimates ranged from .75 to .90 for the eight subscales. Discriminant validity was established via non-significant correlations with social desirability bias. The factor structure was confirmed by examining the intercorrelations of the EMS subscales which revealed a tenable simplex pattern. Differences on EMS subscales for participants at different Stages of Change supported group differentiation validity. Study 2 employed 58 undergraduates. Criterion validity was established by relationships between EMS subscales and distance walked during a self-selected intensity bout of exercise. A strong correlation between Exercise Identity Scale scores and integrated subscale scores supported the convergent validity of the integrated subscale. Overall the EMS yielded reliable scores and provided a valid means of making inferences about exercise behavior. Last, new findings about the relationship between the Self-Determination Theory and the Stages of Change Model are described which have significant applied implications.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/10413200701601466

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 3 references

Research works printed but not linked: 40

  1. Anderson D., 1994, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78, 747, 10.1177/003151259407800313 · DOI
  2. Anderson D., 1998, Journal of Sport Behavior, 21, 3
  3. Baron R., 1991, Social Psychology: Understanding Human Interaction
  4. Biddle S. J., 2000, International Journal of Sport Psychology, 31, 290
  5. Blair S., 1984, Behavioral Health: A Hand-Book of Health Enhancement and Disease Prevention, 424
  6. 10.1207/S15324796ABM2403_03 · DOI
  7. 10.2307/3033681 · DOI
  8. Cohen J., 1988, Statistical Power for the Behavioral Sciences
  9. Crocker L., 1986, Introduction to Classical and Modern Test Theory
  10. 10.1037/h0047358 · DOI · Paper page
  11. Deci E. L., 1985, Intrinsic motivation and self–determination in human behavior., 10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7 · DOI · Paper page
  12. Dishman R. K., 1987, Exercise and Mental Health, 57
  13. Frederick C. M., 1993, Journal of Sport Behavior, 16, 124
  14. 10.1177/135910539800300403 · DOI
  15. 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2004.03.009 · DOI
  16. 10.1080/10413209908402953 · DOI
  17. Marcus B. H., 2003, Motivating People to Be Physically Active
  18. Marcus B., 1992, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 63, 60, 10.1080/02701367.1992.10607557 · DOI
  19. Marcus B., 1993, The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 33, 83
  20. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00493.x · DOI
  21. Messick S., 1989, Educational Researcher, 18, 2, 10.3102/0013189X018002005 · DOI · Paper page
  22. 10.1023/A:1024436423492 · DOI
  23. 10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00107-4 · DOI
  24. Nunnally J. C., 1994, Psychometric Theory
  25. Oman R., 1993, Journal of Health Education, 24, 232, 10.1080/10556699.1993.10610052 · DOI
  26. Perrin B., 1979, Recreation Review, 6, 48
  27. 10.1037/0022-006X.51.3.390 · DOI · Paper page
  28. 10.1037/0278-6133.13.1.39 · DOI
  29. 10.1002/1097-4679(198201)38:1<119::AID-JCLP2270380118>3.0.CO;2-I · DOI · Paper page
  30. 10.1016/j.psychsport.2004.07.002 · DOI
  31. Ryan R. M., 2002, Handbook of Self-Determination Handbook, 3
  32. Ryan R. M., 1997, International Journal of Sport Psychology, 28, 335
  33. Urbina S., 2004, Essentials of Psychological Testing
  34. Vallerand R. J., 1997, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 271
  35. Vansteenkiste M., 2004, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26, 232, 10.1123/jsep.26.2.232 · DOI
  36. Wankel L., 1985, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 56, 275, 10.1080/02701367.1985.10605374 · DOI
  37. Wankel L., 1988, Exercise Adherence: Its impact on public health, 369
  38. 10.1016/S1469-0292(03)00003-7 · DOI
  39. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01890.x · DOI · Paper page
  40. Wilson P. M., 2004, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 75, 81, 10.1080/02701367.2004.10609136 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

  • Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: A systematic review

    Teixeira, P. J., Carraça, E. V., Markland, D., Silva, M. N., & Ryan, R. M. (2012) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-78 · Cited by 2,963

    “…utrition and PhysicalA ctivity 2012,9:78 Page 7 of 30 http://w w w .ijbnpa.org/content/9/1/78 Table 1 Description of reviewed studies (Continued) Wininger, 2007 [28] Cross-sectional 143; 58 (76) Undergraduates (Mean 21–22 yr) USA Exercise self-regulations (EMS) MV *: IM (+), INTEG (+), ID (+),…”
    BackgroundResultInfluential

See all 49

Metadata

Authors
Wininger, S. R.
Affiliations
Western Kentucky University (US)
Corresponding author
Wininger, Steven R.
Venue
Journal of Applied Sport Psychology
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2007-10-18
Volume
19
Issue
4
Pages
471-486
ISSN
  • 1041-3200 (ISSN-L)
  • 1533-1571
DOI
10.1080/10413200701601466
OpenAlex
W2054432267
Cited by
49
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 6
FWCI
2.30
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Journal of Applied Sport Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Keywords
self-determination theory, exercise motivation, psychometric properties, internal consistency, discriminant validity, factor structure, stages of change, exercise identity, criterion validity, convergent validity, exercise behavior

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Self-Determination Theory and Exercise Behavior: An Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Exercise Motivation Scale. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/10413200701601466
The paper
Wininger, S. R. (2007). Self-Determination Theory and Exercise Behavior: An Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Exercise Motivation Scale. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200701601466