Cited by 9,098Smoking Behavior and CessationBehavioral Health and InterventionsSubstance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes

Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change.

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Prochaska, James O., DiClemente, Carlo C.·1983·Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

Abstract

An integrative model of change was applied to the study of 872 Ss (mean age 40 yrs) who were changing their smoking habits on their own. Ss represented the following 5 stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, action, maintenance, and relapse. 10 processes of change were expected to receive differential emphases during particular stages of change. Results indicate that Ss (a) used the fewest processes of change during precontemplation; (b) emphasized consciousness raising during the contemplation stage; (c) emphasized self-reevaluation in both contemplation and action stages; (d) emphasized self-liberation, a helping relationship, and reinforcement management during the action stage; and (e) used counterconditioning and stimulus control the most in both action and maintenance stages. Relapsers responded as a combination of contemplaters and people in action would. Results are discussed in terms of developing a model of self-change of smoking and enhancing a more integrative general model of change. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1983 American Psychological Association.

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Crossref · 10.1037/0022-006x.51.3.390

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Authors
Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C.
Affiliations
University of Rhode Island (US)
Venue
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Published
1983
Volume
51
Issue
3
Pages
390-395
ISSN
  • 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-2117
OpenAlex
W2021604300
Cited by
9,098
References
12
Citations by year
2026: 332 · 2025: 317 · 2024: 257 · 2023: 238 · 2022: 344 · 2021: 344 · 2020: 379 · 2019: 314 · 2018: 292 · 2017: 296 · 2016: 344 · 2015: 381 · 2014: 400 · 2013: 413 · 2012: 391
FWCI
9.87
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Journal of Media Literacy Education (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Keywords
smoking cessation, self-change, stages of change, change processes, precontemplation, contemplation, action stage, maintenance, relapse, consciousness raising, self-liberation, helping relationship, counterconditioning, stimulus control
MeSH terms
Smoking Prevention, Humans, Motivation, Set, Psychology

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