Impacts of disparate policing in Indian Country

Perry (2009) found that interactions with non-Native American police reinforced hostility and distrust.

“(b) interactions with non-Native American police reinforced hostility and distrust;”

Perry (2009) found that overrepresentation of Native Americans in criminal justice contact was salient to the Native American subjects.

“Among the themes regarding non-Native American police emerging from Perry's (2009) interviews were (a) overrepresentation of Native Americans in criminal justice contact was salient to the Native American subjects;”

Perry (2009) found that interactions with police fostered perceptions of Native American marginality and alienation.

“(c) interactions with police fostered perceptions of Native American marginality and alienation.”

A general sense of suspicion and hostility from law enforcement has been reported among interviewed Native populations within the reservation system.

“Overall, a general sense of suspicion and hostility from law enforcement has been reported among interviewed Native populations within the reservation system (Perry 2006(Perry , 2009;;Koshy et al. 2022).”

This spatial policing is felt as a type of enforced segregation.

“This spatial policing is felt as a type of enforced segregation (Perry 2006(Perry , 2009;;Koshy et al. 2022).”

This expectation of suspicion and hostility contributes to the lack of desire for law enforcement involvement, even where necessary, within many Native communities.

“This expectation of suspicion and hostility contributes to the lack of desire for law enforcement involvement, even where necessary, within many Native communities (Perry 2006(Perry , 2009;;Koshy et al. 2022).”

The catalog of research on Native carceral inequalities in the US is still in the early stages of development.

“While the catalog of research on Native carceral inequalities in the US is still in the early stages of development, studies have nonetheless been conducted demonstrating the disparities in carceral system involvement and outcomes faced by Native people (see Munoz and McMorris 2002;Perry 2006Perry , 2009;;Jeffries and Bond 2012;Janisch 2014;Saperstein et al. 2014;Tighe 2014;Mebane-Cruz 2015;Cunne”

For Native people, spatial policing can mean being policed when exiting their Native Nations, their reservation communities.

“For Native people, this can mean being policed when exiting their Native Nations, their reservation communities (Perry 2006(Perry , 2009)).”

Interviews have indicated experiences of at best culturally inept, and at worst outright dismissive, even racist behavior from non-tribal law enforcement within Native communities.

“Beyond the jurisdictional confusions, interviews have indicated experiences of at best culturally inept, and at worst outright dismissive, even racist behavior from non-tribal law enforcement within Native communities (Perry 2006(Perry , 2009)).”

These studies implicate overarching US settler colonial structural factors common to Native individuals and communities which enable, if not entail, these inequalities as part-and-parcel of maintaining settler colonial and capitalist stratifications.

“Further, these studies implicate the overarching US settler colonial structural factors common to Native individuals and communities which enable, if not entail, these inequalities as part-andparcel of maintaining the stratifications that settler colonial (and capitalist) power depend upon (Munoz and McMorris 2002;Perry 2006Perry , 2009;;Jeffries and Bond 2012;Janisch 2014;Saperstein et al. 2014;T”

Studies have been conducted demonstrating disparities in carceral system involvement and outcomes faced by Native people.

“While the catalog of research on Native carceral inequalities in the US is still in the early stages of development, studies have nonetheless been conducted demonstrating the disparities in carceral system involvement and outcomes faced by Native people (see Munoz and McMorris 2002;Perry 2006Perry , 2009;;Jeffries and Bond 2012;Janisch 2014;Saperstein et al. 2014;Tighe 2014;Mebane-Cruz 2015;Cunne”

It is argued that ultimately crimes implicating white victims are the target of more severe penalties for Native offenders.

“Thus, it is argued that ultimately it is crimes implicating white victims that are the target of more severe penalties for Native offenders (Perry 2006(Perry , 2009;;Nielson and Jarratt-Snider 2018;Stewart et al. 2022).”

This finding must be contextualized in light of the evidence of overpolicing of Native people, which increases the chance of carceral system involvement among Native people.

“However, this finding must be contextualized in light of the evidence of overpolicing of Native people (Perry 2006(Perry , 2009;;Lantz and Ward 2023), which thus increases the chance of carceral system involvement among Native people.”

Negative stereotypes perceiving Native people as inherently violent and intemperate reinforce and compel their experiences of increased scrutiny and punitiveness within the US carceral system.

“the obviously negative stereotypes perceiving Native people as inherently violent and intemperate reinforce and compel their experiences of increased scrutiny”