Cited by 432Religion, Spirituality, and PsychologyPsychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionReligion and Society Interactions

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Does Spirituality or Religion Positively Affect Mental Health? Meta-analysis of Longitudinal Studies

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Garssen, Bert, Visser, Anja, Pool, Grieteke·2021·The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion

DOI 10.1080/10508619.2020.1729570

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Abstract

The objective of this meta-analysis was to determine the longitudinal positive effect of religion or spirituality (R/S) on mental health. We summarized 48 longitudinal studies (59 independent samples) using a random effects model. Mental health was operationalized as a continuous and a dichotomous distress measure, life satisfaction, well-being, and quality of life. R/S included participation in public and private religious activities, support from church members, importance of religion, intrinsic religiousness, positive religious coping, meaningfulness, and composite measures. The meta-analysis yielded a significant, but small overall effect size of r = .08 (95% CI: 0.06 to 0.10). Of eight R/S predictors that were distinguished, only participation in public religious activities and importance of religion were significantly related to mental health (r = .08 and r = .09, respectively; 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.11 and 0.05 to 0.12, respectively). In conclusion, there is evidence for a positive effect of R/S on mental health, but this effect is small.

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Authors: Garssen, B., Visser, A., & Pool, G.
Affiliations: University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
University of Groningen (NL)
Corresponding author: Garssen, Bert
ORCID: Garssen, Bert
Visser, Anja
Pool, Grieteke
Venue: The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2020-02-27
Volume: 31
Issue: 1
Pages: 4-20
ISSN: 1050-8619 (ISSN-L)
1532-7582
DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2020.1729570
OpenAlex: W3008244037
Cited by: 418
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 65 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 5
FWCI: 8.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
research.rug.nl
Licence: other-oa
Locations: International Journal for the Psychology of Religion (publishedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Dutch Cancer Society (HDI 2010 – 4871)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Religion and Society Interactions
Keywords: religion, spirituality, mental health, religious participation, church support, intrinsic religiosity, positive religious coping, meaningfulness, life satisfaction, well-being, quality of life, psychological distress

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Does Spirituality or Religion Positively Affect Mental Health? Meta-analysis of Longitudinal Studies

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