Religiousness and depression: Evidence for a main effect and the moderating influence of stressful life events.

Smith, Timothy B.; McCullough, Michael E.; Poll, Justin

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.614

Cited by 1,150Religion, Spirituality, and PsychologyReligion and Society InteractionsMindfulness and Compassion Interventions

Religiousness and depression: Evidence for a main effect and the moderating influence of stressful life events.

Smith, Timothy B., McCullough, Michael E., Poll, Justin·2003·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.614

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Abstract

The association between religiousness and depressive symptoms was examined with meta-analytic methods across 147 independent investigations (N = 98,975). Across all studies, the correlation between religiousness and depressive symptoms was -.096, indicating that greater religiousness is mildly associated with fewer symptoms. The results were not moderated by gender, age, or ethnicity, but the religiousness-depression association was stronger in studies involving people who were undergoing stress due to recent life events. The results were also moderated by the type of measure of religiousness used in the study, with extrinsic religious orientation and negative religious coping (e.g., avoiding difficulties through religious activities, blaming God for difficulties) associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, the opposite direction of the overall findings.

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Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications
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Research on Religion, Spirituality, and Mental Health: A Review
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Social Investment and Personality: A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship of Personality Traits to Investment in Work, Family, Religion, and Volunteerism
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Religion and Preferences for Social Insurance
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Does Spirituality or Religion Positively Affect Mental Health? Meta-analysis of Longitudinal Studies
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The relationship between spirituality and religiosity on psychological outcomes in adolescents and emerging adults: A meta‐analytic review
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Does religious belief promote prosociality? A critical examination.
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Religious affiliation, internalized homophobia, and mental health in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals.
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Religion, spirituality and depression in prospective studies: A systematic review
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The Role of Religiosity in Business and Consumer Ethics: A Review of the Literature
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Authors: Smith, T. B., McCullough, M. E., & Poll, J.
Affiliations: Brigham Young University (US)
University of Miami (US)
ORCID: Smith, Timothy B.
McCullough, Michael E.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2003-07
Volume: 129
Issue: 4
Pages: 614-636
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.614
OpenAlex: W2126015108
Cited by: 1,150
References: 237
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 78 · 2012: 75
FWCI: 2.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2007-12-03)
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Religion and Society Interactions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Keywords: religiosity, depression, depressive symptoms, life events, moderating effect, extrinsic religiosity, negative religious coping, religious coping, religiosity measurement, gender differences, age differences, ethnic differences
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Defense Mechanisms, Depression, Humans, Internal-External Control, Life Change Events, Religion and Psychology

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Religiousness and depression: Evidence for a main effect and the moderating influence of stressful life events.

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