Nanoparticles toxicity: An overview of its mechanism and plausible mitigation strategies
Abstract
Over the last decade, nanoparticles have found great interest among scientists and researchers working in various fields within the realm of biomedicine including drug delivery, gene delivery, diagnostics, targeted therapy and biomarker mapping. While their physical and chemical properties are impressive, there is growing concern about the toxicological potential of nanoparticles and possible adverse health effects as enhanced exposure of biological systems to nanoparticles may result in toxic effects leading to serious contraindications. Toxicity associated with nanoparticles (nanotoxicity) may include the undesired response of several physiological mechanisms including the distressing of cells by external and internal interaction with nanoparticles. However, comprehensive knowledge of nanotoxicity mechanisms and mitigation strategies may be useful to overcome the hazardous situation while treating diseases with therapeutic nanoparticles. With the same objectives, this review discusses various mechanisms of nanotoxicity and provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the impact of nanotoxicity on biological control systems and organs including liver, brain, kidneys and lungs. An attempt also been made to present various approaches of scientific research and strategies that could be useful to overcome the effect of nanotoxicity during the development of nanoparticle-based systems including coating, doping, grafting, ligation and addition of antioxidants.
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The toxicity of NPs is directly modulated by their physicochemical properties (e.g., size, shape, surface area and charge).
“Their toxicity is directly modulated by their physicochemical properties (e.g., size, shape, surface area and charge) that must be properly addressed and determined.”
From Advances in Strategies to Transport Nanoparticles Across the Blood–Brain Barrier for Drug Delivery into the Brain for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2026) · cites this paper as [128]
NP toxicity can be manifested by the generation of ROS, disruption of cell membranes, DNA lesions, etc.
“This toxicity can be manifested by the generation of ROS, disruption of cell membranes, DNA lesions, etc. [128].”
From Advances in Strategies to Transport Nanoparticles Across the Blood–Brain Barrier for Drug Delivery into the Brain for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2026) · cites this paper as [128]
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“This toxicity can be manifested by the generation of ROS, disruption of cell membranes, DNA lesions, etc. [128].”
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- Authors
- Sharma, N., Kurmi, B. D., Singh, D., Mehan, S., Khanna, K., Karwasra, R., Kumar, S., Chaudhary, A., Jakhmola, V., Sharma, A., Singh, S. K., Dua, K., & Kakkar, D.
- Affiliations
- Amity University (IN)
- Indo Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy (IN)
- UCSI University (MY)
- Ministry of AYUSH (IN)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology (MIET), Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh (IN)
- Uttaranchal University (IN)
- Hypotho Research Pvt. Ltd, Delhi, India
- Lovely Professional University (IN)
- University of Technology Sydney (AU)
- Defence Research and Development Organisation (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Sharma, Nitin
- Kakkar, Dipti
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Drug Targeting
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2024-02-19
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 457-469
- ISSN
- 1026-7158 (ISSN-L)
- 1061-186X
- 1029-2330
- OpenAlex
- W4391652326
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 10
- FWCI
- 1.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of drug targeting (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Graphene and Nanomaterials Applications
- Keywords
- nanoparticle toxicity, nanoparticles, toxicity mechanisms, nanoparticle coating, doping, grafting, ligation, antioxidants, hepatotoxicity, brain toxicity, nephrotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, nanotherapeutics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Drug Delivery Systems, Nanoparticles
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