The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Negative life events and symptoms of depression and anxiety: stress causation and/or stress generation
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Stressful life events are known to contribute to development of depression; however, it is possible this link is bidirectional. The present study examined whether such stress generation effects are greater than the effects of stressful life events on depression, and whether stress generation is also evident with anxiety. DESIGN: Participants were two large age cohorts (N = 732 aged 44 years; N = 705 aged 63 years) from the West of Scotland Twenty-07 study. METHODS: Stressful life events, depression, and anxiety symptoms were measured twice five years apart. Cross-lagged panel analysis examined the mutual influences of stressful life events on depression and on anxiety over time. RESULTS: Life events predicted later depressive symptomatology (p = .01), but the depression predicting life events relationship was less strong (p = .06), whereas earlier anxiety predicted life events five years later (p = .001). There was evidence of sex differences in the extent to which life events predicted later anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence of stress causation for depression and weaker evidence for stress generation. In contrast, there was strong evidence of stress generation for anxiety but weaker evidence for stress causation, and that differed for men and women.
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“Even though research indicates, in line with the assumptions of the procrastination-health model, that stress is a risk factor for physical and mental disorders [63–66]”
From Procrastination, depression and anxiety symptoms in university students: a three-wave longitudinal study on the mediating role of perceived stress (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
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Citations
Cites
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“The present life events assessment method is based on the well-established Life Events and Difficulties Schedule (Brown & Harris, 1989) and included the same domains of personal experience.”
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Brites, D., & Fernandes, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00476 · Cited by 599
“In fact, stress has been linked to the development of both depression and anxiety, with a key contribution of microglia activation, as well as of recruitment of peripheral macrophages into the brain to such events (Phillips et al., 2015; Réus et al., 2015).”
BackgroundThe role of inflammation and microglial activation in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders
Réus, G. Z., Fries, G. R., Stertz, L., Badawy, M., Passos, I. C., Barichello, T., Kapczinski, F., & Quevedo, J. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.018 · Cited by 594
“In fact, stress has been linked to the development of both depression and anxiety (Phillips et al., 2015).”
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“This “stress generation” effect is relevant for anxiety and, to a lesser degree, depression (Phillips et al., 2015).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Phillips, A. C., Carroll, D., & Der, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Phillips, Anna C.
- Venue
- Anxiety, Stress, & Coping
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-02-05
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 357-371
- ISSN
- 1061-5806 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-2205
- PMC
- PMC4772121
- OpenAlex
- W2059911397
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 18.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Anxiety Stress & Coping (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- The UK Medical Research Council (WBS U.1300.80.001.00001)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- negative life events, life events, depression, anxiety symptoms, stress generation, bidirectional effects, sex differences, middle-aged and older adults, West of Scotland Twenty-07 Study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Stress, Psychological
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